Depresión, ansiedad y calidad de sueño en deportistas ante la contingencia sanitaria COVID-19. Estudio exploratorio. / Depression, anxiety and sleep quality in athletes in the face of the COVID-19 health contingency. Exploratory study

Objetivo: Identificar los síntomas de ansiedad, depresión y calidad de sueño ante la contingencia sanitaria en una muestra de deportistas mexicanos, mediante un estudio descriptivo-exploratorio de corte transversal. Método: La muestra del estudio fue 110 deportistas con una media de edad de 24.4 años, los cuales tenían distintos niveles de experiencia: amateur, semi-profesional y profesional. Se aplicaron los siguientes instrumentos: inventario de depresión de Beck, escala de ansiedad de Hamilton y el índice de calidad de sueño de Pittsburg. Resultados: Se mostraron que los deportistas profesionales muestran menores niveles de ansiedad y depresión, respecto a los semi profesionales y amateur. No obstante, su calidad de sueño fue menor. Conclusión: La pandemia de COVID-19 ha hecho evidente la necesidad de cambios en las prácticas profesionales y en la investigación científica de la psicología del deporte que beneficien a la comunidad de atletas, por ello la presencia de especialistas en la salud mental en los equipos deportivos será una necesidad de alta prioridad, que cumplirá con el fortalecimiento de la preparación psicológica y el cuidado de la salud mental. (AU)

Neuropsychological Genotype-Phenotype in Patients with Williams Syndrome with Atypical Deletions: A Systematic Review.

Williams syndrome (WS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a microdeletion in the q11.23 region of chromosome 7. Recent case series reports and clinical case studies have suggested that the cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and social profile in WS could depend on the genes involved in the deletion. The objective of this systematic review was to analyze and synthesize the variability of the cognitive and behavioral profile of WS with atypical deletion and its probable relationship with the affected genes. The medical subject headings searched were "Williams syndrome," "genotype," "phenotype," "cognitive profile," and "atypical deletion." The studies included were in English or Spanish, with children and adults, and published between January 2000 and October 2022. Twenty-three studies are reported. The characteristics of the participants, the genes involved, the neuropsychological domains and instruments, and the prevalence of the WS cognitive profile criteria were used for the genotype-phenotype analysis. The genes with a major impact on the cognitive profile of WS were (a) LIMK1 and those belonging to the GTF2I family, the former with a greater influence on visuospatial abilities; (b) GTF2IRD1 and GTF2I, which have an impact on intellectual capacity as well as on visuospatial and social skills; (c) FZD9, BAZ1B, STX1A, and CLIP2, which influence the cognitive profile if other genes are also effected; and (d) GTF2IRD2, which is related to the severity of the effect on visuospatial and social skills, producing a behavioral phenotype like that of the autism spectrum. The review revealed four neuropsychological phenotypes, depending on the genes involved, and established the need for more comprehensive study of the neuropsychological profile of these patients. Based on the results found, we propose a model for the investigation of and clinical approach to the WS neuropsychological phenotype.