Computed Tomography Assessment of Tidal Lung Overinflation in Domestic Cats Undergoing Pressure-Controlled Mechanical Ventilation During General Anesthesia.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate lung overinflation at different airway inspiratory pressure levels using computed tomography in cats undergoing general anesthesia. Study Design: Prospective laboratory study. Animals: A group of 17 healthy male cats, aged 1.9-4.5 years and weighing 3.5 ± 0.5 kg. Methods: Seventeen adult male cats were ventilated in pressure-controlled mode with airway pressure stepwise increased from 5 to 15 cmH2O in 2 cmH2O steps every 5 min and then stepwise decreased. The respiratory rate was set at 15 movements per min and end-expiratory pressure at zero (ZEEP). After 5 min in each inspiratory pressure step, a 4 s inspiratory pause was performed to obtain a thoracic juxta-diaphragmatic single slice helical CT image and to collect respiratory mechanics data and an arterial blood sample. Lung parenchyma aeration was defined as overinflated, normally-aerated, poorly-aerated, and non-aerated according to the CT attenuation number (-1,000 to -900 HU, -900 to -500 HU, -500 to -100 HU, and -100 to +100 HU, respectively). Result: At 5 cmH2O airway pressure, tidal volume was 6.7± 2.2 ml kg-1, 2.1% (0.3-6.3%) of the pulmonary parenchyma was overinflated and 84.9% (77.6%-87.6%) was normally inflated. Increases in airway pressure were associated with progressive distention of the lung parenchyma. At 15 cmH2O airway pressure, tidal volume increased to 31.5± 9.9 ml kg-1 (p < 0.001), overinflated pulmonary parenchyma increased to 28.4% (21.2-30.6%) (p < 0.001), while normally inflated parenchyma decreased 57.9% (53.4-62.8%) (p < 0.001). Tidal volume and overinflated lung fraction returned to baseline when airway pressure was decreased. A progressive decrease was observed in arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) when the airway pressures were increased above 9 cmH2O (p < 0.001). The increase in airway pressure promoted an elevation in pH (p < 0.001). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Ventilation with 5 and 7 cmH2O of airway pressure prevents overinflation in healthy cats with highly compliant chest walls, despite presenting acidemia by respiratory acidosis. This fact can be controlled by increasing or decreasing respiratory rate and inspiratory time.

Descrição das técnicas radiográficas intraorais utilizadas na Medicina Veterinária / Description of veterinary intraoral radiographic techniques

O presente trabalho recopila as diferentes técnicas radiográficas intraorais utilizadas em Medicina Veterinária, especialmente em pequenos animais e em equinos. Técnicas como a do paralelismo e da bissetriz e a técnica radiográfica de localização de Clark, se convertem em importantes ferramentas na hora da avaliação pré-cirúrgica de procedimentos odontológicos em animais. Estas técnicas permitem examinar as estruturas dentárias e adjacentes isometricamente nos filmes radiográficosi ntraorais.

This review collects the different intraoral radiographic techniques used by veterinarians, especially by clinicians of equine and small animals. All of these techniques as bisecting angle and parallel projection techniques have been described as an important source of information for veterinary dentistry presurgical evaluation. Using these radiographic assessments all dental and surrounding structures are isometrically imaged on intraoral films.