Effect of Magnesium on Glomerular Filtration Rate and Recovery of Hypertension in Women with Severe Preeclampsia.

INTRODUCTION: Magnesium sulfate is used for preventing seizures in patients with severe preeclampsia. Previous studies have demonstrated that magnesium plays a significant role in the endothelial function and might have clinically beneficial vasodilating properties. OBJECTIVES: This study is aimed at evaluating the effect of magnesium sulfate on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) during the first 24 h after delivery and during the duration of recovery from hypertension in preeclampsia. METHODS: Severe preeclamptic patients who had normal serum creatinine levels (0.4-0.8 mg/dL) were included in the study. Twenty-three women with severe preeclampsia were divided into groups of 9, 8, and 6, and given 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g/h of magnesium sulfate, respectively. Magnesium sulfate infusion was used as seizure prophylaxis for 24 h after delivery. The cystatin C-based GFR was monitored for 24 h, and the blood pressure was recorded for 12 weeks postpartum. RESULTS: Despite the minimal improvement of GFR 24-h after treatment initiation, survival analysis demonstrated a statistically significant relationship (log rank, p = 0.04) between magnesium dosage and recovery period from hypertension. The group receiving 2.0 g/h of magnesium experienced the shortest recovery period from hypertension (6.5 ± 1.8 days). Meanwhile, the other groups required 66.0 ± 26.9 and 48.3 ± 15.6 days to recover after 1.0 and 1.5 g/h of magnesium infusion, respectively. CONCLUSION: Magnesium sulfate has no impact on GFR improvement during the first 24 h after delivery. However, magnesium maintenance infusion at 2.0 g/h is capable of preventing seizure by optimizing the therapeutic magnesium level (4.8-8.4 mg/dL) and shortening the hypertensive episode in preeclampsia.

Melatonin attenuates methamphetamine-induced deactivation of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling to induce autophagy in SK-N-SH cells.

Methamphetamine (METH) is a commonly abused drug that damages nerve terminals by causing reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, apoptosis, and neuronal damage. Autophagy, a type of programmed cell death independent of apoptosis, is negatively regulated by the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. It is not known, however, whether autophagy is involved in METH-induced neurotoxicity. Therefore, we investigated the effect of METH on autophagy and its upstream regulator, the mTOR signaling pathway. Using the SK-N-SH dopaminergic cell line, we found that METH induces the expression of LC3-II, a protein associated with the autophagosome membrane, in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, METH inhibits the phosphorylation of mTOR and the action of its downstream target, the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)4E-binding protein, 4EBP1. Melatonin, a major secretory product of pineal, is a potent naturally produced antioxidant that acts through various mechanisms to ameliorate the toxic effects of ROS. We found that a pretreatment with melatonin enhances mTOR activity and 4EBP1 phosphorylation and protects against the formation of LC3-II in SK-N-SH cells exposed to METH. This work demonstrates a novel role for melatonin as a neuroprotective agent against METH.

Acetylcholine receptor gamma-subunits mRNA isoforms expressed in denervated rat muscle.

The fetal acetylcholine (ACh) receptor, composed of the alphabetagammadelta subunits, is expressed in fetal, neonatal, and denervated muscle. Single-channel recording has revealed three kinetically distinct classes in neonatal and denervated muscle, suggesting that at least three forms of the gamma-subunit are required. To account for the kinetic classes observed, we compared the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) forms expressed in neonatal and denervated muscle using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, cloning, and RNAse protection assays. We found five novel forms arising from alternative splicing, which we named gamma5-gamma9. The forms gamma5, gamma6, and gamma7 lack exon 4 and 63-, 89-, and 136 bp of exon 5, respectively. A gamma8 form lacks exons 3 and 4 and 19 bp of exon 5. The last, gamma9, lacks exons 3, 4, and 5. Results indicate that gamma4 predominates in fetal muscle and gamma7 in denervated adult muscle. Some of the gamma-subunit mRNAs found may generate the receptors observed in muscle.

Gramática Quechua / Quechua grammar

Fonología elemental del quechua. Morfología del nombre. Morfología del verbo. Sufijos independientes. Sintaxis. Quechuismos en la lengua española

Acetylcholine receptor channel subtype directs the innervation pattern of skeletal muscle.

Acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) mediate synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction, and structural and functional analysis has assigned distinct functions to the fetal (alpha2beta(gamma)delta) and adult types of AChR (alpha2beta(epsilon)delta). Mice lacking the epsilon-subunit gene die prematurely, showing that the adult type is essential for maintenance of neuromuscular synapses in adult muscle. It has been suggested that the fetally and neonatally expressed AChRs are crucial for muscle differentiation and for the formation of the neuromuscular synapses. Here, we show that substitution of the fetal-type AChR with an adult-type AChR preserves myoblast fusion, muscle and end-plate differentiation, whereas it substantially alters the innervation pattern of muscle by the motor nerve. Mutant mice form functional neuromuscular synapses outside the central, narrow end-plate band region in the diaphragm, with synapses scattered over a wider muscle territory. We suggest that one function of the fetal type of AChR is to ensure an orderly innervation pattern of skeletal muscle.

Test de tolerÔncia a las contracciones inducidas con la estimulación del pezon / Tolerance test to the induced contractions with stimulation of the nipples

El test de tolerancia a las contracciones inducidas por ocitocina, es un recurso universalmente difundido para conocer la reserva fetal de oxígeno. En esta experiencia, el test de Pose se realizó haciendo masajear digitalmente los pezones de las pacientes, desencadenándose reflejo de Ferguson y liberación de ocitocina por la hipófisis, logrando así la dinámica requerida; prescindiendo de ocitocina endovenosa exógena. Comparamos capacidad predictiva del test con: N.S.T.; score de Apgar al 1 - 5 y 10; distress intraparto y morbimortalidad exógena. Participaron 93 embarazos de 38 semanas o más, efectuándose 110 N.S.T. y 114 test con estimulación del pezón. En las conductas tomadas para estos pacientes no participó el resultado del test estudiado. El test demostró ser útil particularmente en distress intraparto y complicaciones cordonales. Además ahorró costos y tiempo de realización, por prescindir de infusión intravenosa. No hubo falsos negativos. Aconsejamos control médico al realizar por las hipertonías observadas (AU)

Test de tolerância a las contracciones inducidas con la estimulación del pezon / Tolerance test to the induced contractions with stimulation of the nipples

El test de tolerancia a las contracciones inducidas por ocitocina, es un recurso universalmente difundido para conocer la reserva fetal de oxígeno. En esta experiencia, el test de Pose se realizó haciendo masajear digitalmente los pezones de las pacientes, desencadenándose reflejo de Ferguson y liberación de ocitocina por la hipófisis, logrando así la dinámica requerida; prescindiendo de ocitocina endovenosa exógena. Comparamos capacidad predictiva del test con: N.S.T.; score de Apgar al 1' - 5' y 10'; distress intraparto y morbimortalidad exógena. Participaron 93 embarazos de 38 semanas o más, efectuándose 110 N.S.T. y 114 test con estimulación del pezón. En las conductas tomadas para estos pacientes no participó el resultado del test estudiado. El test demostró ser útil particularmente en distress intraparto y complicaciones cordonales. Además ahorró costos y tiempo de realización, por prescindir de infusión intravenosa. No hubo falsos negativos. Aconsejamos control médico al realizar por las hipertonías observadas