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1.
Cir Cir ; 81(1): 3-13, 2013.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23461915

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The Egr-1 protein is a transcriptional factor responsive to early growth. Transcriptional regulation of the promoter has been described like responsive to physical stress, osmotic changes, and cellular growth marker. However, there is no report about the pharmacological effect on the transcriptional regulation in gliomas. Hereby we report the modulation of the Egr-1 promoter transcriptional activity induced by the Granulocytes Macrophages Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) and steroid drugs in human glioma cells (CH235-GM Grade II, U373-GM Grade III, D54-GM Grade IV) using a reporter system transduced by a recombinant adenoviral vector AdEgr-1/luc7. METHODS: Human glioma cells shows with different malignity grade (CH235-GM Grado II; U373-GM Grado III; D54-GM Grado IV) were transduced with no replicative adenoviral vector AdEgr-1/Luc7 and exposed to drugs as progesterone, ß-estradiol and betametasone, and GM-CSF. Transcriptional activity of the egr-1 promoter was quantified by Luciferase reporter gene, cloned downstream to the tata box. Luciferase activity was quantified from whole cell proteins using luminometry assays. RESULTS: U373-GM cell line with GM-CSF, shows an increment on transcriptional activity of Egr-1 promoter, also in endogen way. U373-GM showed a positive regulation of Egr-1, with steroid drugs on the times analyzed. Steroid drugs as progesterone, ß-estradiol and betametasone, shows a pleiotropic behavior on CH235-GM and D54-GM, glioma cell lines. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition or activation response of Egr-1 promoter shows new framework to explore a mechanism of action of steroid drugs on genetic and epigenetic regulation on tumoral process.


Subject(s)
Betamethasone/pharmacology , Early Growth Response Protein 1/pharmacology , Glioma/pathology , Glucocorticoids/pharmacology , Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology , Humans , Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
2.
BMC Microbiol ; 12: 246, 2012 Oct 31.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23113903

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The classical roles of B cells include the production of antibodies and cytokines and the generation of immunological memory, these being key factors in the adaptive immune response. However, their role in innate immunity is currently being recognised. Traditionally, B cells have been considered non-phagocytic cells; therefore, the uptake of bacteria by B cells is not extensively documented. In this study, we analysed some of the features of non-specific bacterial uptake by B lymphocytes from the Raji cell line. In our model, B cells were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), Mycobacterium smegmatis (MSM), and Salmonella typhimurium (ST). RESULTS: Our observations revealed that the Raji B cells were readily infected by the three bacteria that were studied. All of the infections induced changes in the cellular membrane during bacterial internalisation. M. smegmatis and S. typhimurium were able to induce important membrane changes that were characterised by abundant filopodia and lamellipodia formation. These membrane changes were driven by actin cytoskeletal rearrangements. The intracellular growth of these bacteria was also controlled by B cells. M. tuberculosis infection also induced actin rearrangement-driven membrane changes; however, the B cells were not able to control this infection. The phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) treatment of B cells induced filopodia and lamellipodia formation, the production of spacious vacuoles (macropinosomes), and the fluid-phase uptake that is characteristic of macropinocytosis. S. typhimurium infection induced the highest fluid-phase uptake, although both mycobacteria also induced fluid uptake. A macropinocytosis inhibitor such as amiloride was used and abolished the bacterial uptake and the fluid-phase uptake that is triggered during the bacterial infection. CONCLUSIONS: Raji B cells can internalise S. typhimurium and mycobacteria through an active process, such as macropinocytosis, although the resolution of the infection depends on factors that are inherent in the virulence of each pathogen.


Subject(s)
B-Lymphocytes/immunology , B-Lymphocytes/microbiology , Mycobacterium smegmatis/immunology , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology , Pinocytosis , Salmonella typhimurium/immunology , Actins/metabolism , B-Lymphocytes/physiology , Cell Line , Cell Surface Extensions , Humans , Vacuoles/metabolism
3.
Cir Cir ; 80(3): 239-46, 2012.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23415203

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Arthroplasty is successful because biocompatible material is available, but its lifespan decreases due to inadequate fixation, mechanical wear and tear, or biological loss caused by osteolysis. This last is a tissue response to wear particles of the implanted material localized in the bone--prosthesis interface. We undertook this study to present the morphological analysis and characterization of the metal wear particles (MWP) in the periprosthetic tissue of patients with prosthetic loosening. METHODS: Interface tissue was studied in 63 patients with prosthetic loosening and was processed with the conventional histological technique, and tissues with wear and tear particles were subjected to chemical element determination by energydispersive X-ray analysis. RESULTS: Composition of the prosthesis placed in patients contained Cr-Co (30.2%), stainless steel (34.9%), Cr-Co/stainless steel (12.7%) and Ti (22.4%). Cellular response caused by wear and tear particles was classified according to three types. MWP were identified in only 19 membranes. Particle presence or absence was not significantly associated with clinical characteristics of the patient and worn and torn methacrylate or polyethylene particles. Periprosthetic membranes that showed MWP were the ones of older patients with a longer average time of graft use and those with severe necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: No patients experienced infection at the same time with MWP probably because they were treated for prosthetic septic loosening; consequently, it is less probable that they were recruited in a cross-sectional study such as the present one.


Subject(s)
Hip Prosthesis/adverse effects , Knee Prosthesis/adverse effects , Prosthesis Failure , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Middle Aged , Postoperative Complications/pathology
4.
Rev Neurol ; 51(8): 489-96, 2010 Oct 16.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20925031

ABSTRACT

Muscular dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of hereditary diseases characterized by loss of muscle and weakness of non neurogenic origin. They are caused by mutations in one or more genes involved in the formation of muscle cells. The discovery of several proteins in the muscle began with the discovery of dystrophin, 130 years after the clinical description of muscular dystrophy. Currently, due to a better understanding of the biology of normal and diseased muscle, has achieved a classification at the molecular level of different types of muscular dystrophies, according to the protein that is affected. This has been particularly important for limb girdle muscular dystrophies, which present clinical features that can lead to confusion with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Moreover, in recent years has encouraged the development of therapies in the near future could provide a solution for restoring the function of the muscle fiber.


Subject(s)
Chromosome Disorders/genetics , Genes, Recessive , Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle/genetics , Chromosome Disorders/classification , Chromosome Disorders/pathology , Chromosome Disorders/physiopathology , Dystrophin/genetics , Dystrophin/metabolism , Humans , Muscle Proteins/genetics , Muscle Proteins/metabolism , Muscle, Skeletal/pathology , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology , Muscle, Skeletal/ultrastructure , Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle/classification , Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle/pathology , Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle/physiopathology , Mutation
5.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 51(8): 489-496, 16 oct., 2010. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-86760

ABSTRACT

Resumen. Las distrofias musculares son un grupo heterogéneo de enfermedades hereditarias, caracterizadas por debilidad y pérdida muscular de origen no neurogénico. Son causadas por mutaciones de uno o más genes involucrados en la formación de las células musculares. El descubrimiento de las diversas proteínas presentes en el músculo comenzó con el descubrimiento de la distrofina, 130 años después de la descripción clínica de la distrofia muscular. Actualmente, debido al mejor conocimiento de la biología del músculo normal y del enfermo, se ha logrado realizar una clasificación molecular de los diferentes tipos de distrofias musculares, de acuerdo con la proteína que se encuentre afectada. Esto ha sido particularmente importante para las distrofias musculares de cinturas, las cuales presentan características clínicas que pueden llevar a confundirlas con la distrofia muscular de Duchenne. Por otro lado, en años recientes se ha favorecido el desarrollo de terapias que en un futuro cercano podrían dar una solución para la restauración de la función de la fibra muscular (AU)


Summary. Muscular dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of hereditary diseases characterized by loss of muscle and weakness of non neurogenic origin. They are caused by mutations in one or more genes involved in the formation of muscle cells. The discovery of several proteins in the muscle began with the discovery of dystrophin, 130 years after the clinical description of muscular dystrophy. Currently, due to a better understanding of the biology of normal and diseased muscle, has achieved a classification at the molecular level of different types of muscular dystrophies, according to the protein that is affected. This has been particularly important for limb girdle muscular dystrophies, which present clinical features that can lead to confusion with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Moreover, in recent years has encouraged the development of therapies in the near future could provide a solution for restoring the function of the muscle fiber (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Muscle Cells/physiology , Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle/genetics , Dystrophin , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Sarcolemma/physiology , Diagnosis, Differential , Biological Therapy/trends
6.
Vet. Méx ; 39(3): 247-253, jul.-sep. 2008. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-632883

ABSTRACT

The hoof is a relatively simple structure, mainly constituted by keratin, a highly sulfated protein, that provides hardness to the hoof and certain elasticity to support the weight and distribute the impact's intensity on the hoof. The hoof needs to have an adequate quality to be able to carry out these functions and that requires a good nutrition based on proteins, vitamins and minerals. Minerals constitute 4% of body weight and they are conformed by macrominerals (calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium and sulfur) and microminerals (selenium, iodine, copper and zinc). Zinc participates in hoof formation while inducing keratin production. Its diet deficiency causes problems to the corneous tissue such as: thin and friable hooves, and fissures on the wall. Zn++ must be ingested in chelated form, as zinc methionine, to be adequately absorbed. The diet of seven horses was supplemented with 5.4 g/day/horse of zinc methionine for a period of six months. Samples were obtained from the wall level and transverse cuts were done; before and after the treatment, its morphology and contents of minerals (Mg++, Cl, S, Ca++, Na++, K+, P, Si, Fe++, Cu++,Zn++) were analyzed in the environmental scanning electron microscope equipped with an X ray disperser. It was observed that the morphology presented a better constitution and compactness of the tubular and intratubular horns in the medium stratum, as well as a substantial increment of zinc (32.9%) and sulfur (68.4%), which suggests an increase in keratin and better structure of the hoof.


El casco es una estructura relativamente sencilla, constituida por queratina, proteína bastante sulfatada, que provee al casco de dureza y cierta elasticidad para soportar el peso y distribuir la intensidad del impacto en el casco. Para este fin, se necesita que el casco tenga una calidad adecuada, que requiere de buena nutrición basada en proteínas, vitaminas y minerales. Los minerales constituyen 4% del peso corporal y se conforman en macrominerales (calcio, fósforo, sodio, cloro, potasio, magnesio y azufre) y microminerales (selenio, yodo, cobre y zinc). El zinc participa en la formación del casco al inducir la producción de queratina. Su deficiencia en la dieta causa problemas al tejido córneo, como cascos delgados, friables y fisuras en la pared. Para que el Zn++ sea absorbido adecuadamente, es necesario que sea ingerido en forma quelada como metionina de zinc. La dieta de siete caballos fue complementada con 5.4 g/día/caballo de metionina de zinc por un periodo de seis meses. Se obtuvieron muestras a nivel de la muralla y se realizaron cortes transversales; antes y después del tratamiento, se analizó su morfología y contenido de minerales (Mg++, Cl-, S, Ca++, Na++, K+, P, Si, Fe++, Cu++, Zn++) en el microscopio electrónico de barrido ambiental equipado con dispersor de rayos X. Se observó que la morfología presentaba mejor constitución y compactación de los cuernos tubulares e intratubulares en el estrato medio, así como aumento sustancial de zinc (32.9%) y de azufre (68.4%), lo cual sugiere incremento de queratina y mejor estructuración del casco.

7.
Acta Ortop Mex ; 22(1): 3-6, 2008.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18672745

ABSTRACT

The reconstruction of the dorsal aspect of the triangular fibrocartilage complex in the distal radioulnar joint with an autologous ligament graft has been an optimal treatment for instability of this joint. Tendinous grafts for ligament reconstruction have been studied in ACL reconstruction finding a metaplasia of the tendinous tissue into ligament like tissue. These studies have been performed in humans without making an important lesion to the reconstructed ligament. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the integration and adaptation of a tendon graft into an intraarticular environment with a different mechanical demand. We enrolled 3 patients that underwent reconstruction of the dorsal aspect of the triangular fibrocartilaginous complex in the distal radio ulnar joint, with an evolution between 6 to 48 months, and studied specimens with electronic microscope. In all specimens we found revascularization, reorientation of collagen fibers into a longitudinal pattern at 6 months after surgery, very similar to ligament. Patients did not require further immobilization after biopsy, rehabilitation of range of movement at home, returning to their normal daily activities. We conclude that tendinous grafts for ligamentous instability of distal radioulnar joint undergo histologic changes that make them similar to original ligaments.


Subject(s)
Ligaments, Articular/surgery , Tendons/anatomy & histology , Tendons/transplantation , Wrist Joint/surgery , Humans , Microscopy, Electron , Orthopedic Procedures/methods , Prospective Studies
8.
Vet. Méx ; 39(2): 187-198, ene.-jun. 2008. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-632880

ABSTRACT

The environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) has been recently applied to orthopedics, for which a study was performed on the modes of operation of this electron microscope. Optimal conditions were determined to obtain the best topographic image and to perform chemical analysis by X-ray dispersion during the process of bone consolidation. Fifteen male Wistar rats were used, grouped in three per each experimental day. Tibia l fracture was provoked and a Kirschner wire was positioned. Rats were euthanized 0 (control), 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after surgery. According to the results, the best bone image was observed with retrodispersed electrons under high vacuum. In the chemical element determination lower variation coefficients were obtained under low vacuum for carbon and calcium; for phosphorus, under high vacuum, and in environmental mode, for magnesium, sodium, potassium and iron. In the process of bone consolidation, calcium levels in cortical bone diminished compared to controls, while the calcified bone callus was observed until day 14. Phosphorus concentration increased with time, in both cortical bone and bone callus. Magnesium presented a peak on day 14, and decreased drastically until day 28. Sodium rose continuously until day 28. The study of the chemical composition of bone by the ESEM is optimal in the environmental mode, since values of the elements present in lesser concentrations (1%) showed a lower variation coefficient. In bone consolidation process, calcium and phosphorus levels were found at a ratio of 2:1.


La aplicación del microscopio electrónico de barrido ambiental (ESEM) en ortopedia no se había desarrollado hasta ahora, por lo que se realizó un estudio sobre los modos de operación del microscopio electrónico; así se determinaron las condiciones óptimas de obtención de la mejor imagen topográfica y del análisis químico por dispersión de rayos X durante el proceso de la consolidación ósea. Para ello se utilizaron 15 ratas macho de la cepa Wistar, que se agruparon en tres por cada día experimental, se les produjo una fractura en la tibia y se les colocó un alambre Kirschner; se efectuó eutanasia a los 0 (testigo), 7, 14, 21 y 28 días después de la cirugía. De acuerdo con los resultados, la mejor imagen del hueso se observó con electrones retrodispersados en alto vacío. En la determinación de elementos químicos se obtuvieron los menores coeficientes de variación en bajo vacío para carbono y calcio; en alto vacío, para fósforo, y en modo ambiental, para magnesio, sodio, potasio y fierro. En el proceso de la consolidación ósea los niveles de calcio en hueso cortical disminuyeron en comparación con el testigo, mientras que el callo óseo calcificado se observó hasta el día 14. La concentración de fósforo incrementó con el tiempo, tanto en hueso cortical como en callo óseo. El magnesio presentó un pico el día 14 y bajó drásticamente hasta el día 28; por último, el sodio subió de manera sostenida hasta el día 28. El mejor modo de estudiar la composición química del hueso en el ESEM es el modo ambiental, pues los valores de los elementos que están en menor concentración (1%) presentaron coeficiente de variación más bajo. En el proceso de consolidación ósea, los niveles de calcio y fósforo se encontraron en relación 2:1.

9.
Cir Cir ; 75(4): 249-55, 2007.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18053355

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: We undertook this study to compare the ultrastructural analysis of capsules of normal lenses (phacorefractive procedures) and those of other types of cataracts also such as senile cataracts, with trans-surgical staining. METHODS: Capsule samples were obtained by circular continuous capsulorhexis during phacoemulsification procedures. All samples were fixed and conventionally processed for light- and transmission-electron microscopy analysis. RESULTS: Seventeen analyzed samples were grouped as follows: a) phacorefractive (n = 2), b) senile cataract (n = 3); c) senile diabetic (n = 3), d) pseudoexfoliation syndrome (n = 3); e) stained with trypan blue (n = 2), f) indocyanine green (n = 2), and g) gentian violet (n = 2). According to morphological analysis, all samples of cataract demonstrated lacunae zones between epithelial cells. Filamentous annular bodies were found near the epithelium in capsule of senile cataracts. Senile diabetic cataract samples showed more abnormalities in epithelial morphology; specifically we found conformation of two or three layers of epithelial cells. Samples stained with trypan blue showed a regular basal membrane and minor loss of epithelial cells than other trans-surgical stain techniques. CONCLUSIONS: After an exhaustive medical literature search, we published the first report about the observation of filamentous annular bodies near the epithelium in capsules of senile cataracts. Additionally, it is important to note the presence of stratification of the epithelium at the anterior pole of capsules from diabetic patients.


Subject(s)
Cataract/pathology , Diabetes Complications/pathology , Exfoliation Syndrome/pathology , Lens Capsule, Crystalline/pathology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Humans , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies
10.
Acta Ortop Mex ; 21(4): 217-23, 2007.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17970563

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To repair experimental osteochondral knee lesions in pigs using tissue engineering. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eight 40-kg pigs underwent surgery. Cartilage and periosteal biopsies of their control knee were taken. Cartilage and periosteal cells were independently isolated, cultured and seeded in biodegradable PGA and PLA polymers that were fixed on the bottom of an osteochondral defect in the pig's experimental knee, with bioabsorbable Mitek implants. Four months later the pigs were sacrificed and the knees were analyzed with nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI), macroscopic assessment, histology, electron microscopy (EM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and SEM element analysis. RESULTS: All the defects were filled with cartilage-like tissue according to the NMRI evaluation and the visual examination. Hyaline-like cartilage was obtained in 3 defects and fibrocartilage in 5. The EM showed chondrocytes in the repair tissue. The SEM showed appropriate integration to the bone and the surrounding tissue. SEM element analysis showed sulphurized matrix attached to the bone with calcium and phosphates as predominant elements. DISCUSSION: Tissue engineering enabled the production of tissues similar to normal ones. The polymer fixation system was effective.


Subject(s)
Absorbable Implants , Cartilage, Articular/injuries , Knee Injuries/surgery , Lactic Acid/therapeutic use , Polyglycolic Acid/therapeutic use , Polymers/therapeutic use , Tissue Engineering , Animals , Bone Matrix/chemistry , Calcium/analysis , Cartilage, Articular/cytology , Cartilage, Articular/surgery , Cells, Cultured/cytology , Cells, Cultured/transplantation , Chondrocytes/cytology , Chondrocytes/transplantation , Female , Osseointegration , Periosteum/cytology , Phosphates/analysis , Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer , Porosity , Prospective Studies , Sus scrofa , Wound Healing
11.
Cir. & cir ; 74(6): 483-493, nov.-dic. 2006. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-571234

ABSTRACT

La terapia con genes postula el uso terapéutico del DNA como una nueva alternativa de la biomedicina para el tratamiento de las enfermedades humanas. Todas las proteínas están codificadas en el DNA, y muchas enfermedades resultan de: a) la ausencia o expresión aberrante de uno o más genes; b) la ausencia de formas funcionales; c) alteraciones en su proceso de regulación, transporte o degradación. Por lo tanto, tales enfermedades pueden ser potencialmente tratadas, restableciendo la expresión de la proteína involucrada en las células afectadas. Sin embargo, para lograr una transferencia exitosa del material genético al sitio blanco y evitar la destrucción del DNA o del vehículo seleccionado antes de llegar al sitio de interés, se han desarrollado varios sistemas virales. Entre los virus más conocidos están: el virus del herpes simple, adenovirus tipo 5, virus adenoasociado y algunos retrovirus complejos (lentivirus). En este artículo se exponen las características biológicas, la manipulación genética y propiedades de los adenovirus, así como su empleo en la medicina actual como vectores para transferir genes y su potencial implicación en la terapia génica.


Gene therapy is based on the use of DNA as a therapeutic material as an alternative therapeutic tool for treatment of human diseases. All proteins are codified into the DNA and several diseases result from the absence or aberrant expression of one or related genes, absence of expression of functional proteins, and alterations for regulation process in transport and degradation mechanisms. In this regard, several diseases could be potentially treated through the expression of the normal form of the involved protein. However, the main objective is to achieve a successful genetic material delivery into the target site and avoid the destruction of DNA or the selected vehicle before arrival at the final destination. Several efficient viral gene transfer systems have been developed. Viral-mediated gene delivery for experimental models has been designed from herpes virus (HV), adenovirus (adenovirous), adeno-associated virus (AAV) and retroviruses (lentiviral vectors). In this review we will discuss the specific biological and cloning properties of adenoviral vectors as a gene transfer tool and potential medical implications for gene therapy.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Genetic Diseases, Inborn/therapy , Mastadenovirus/genetics , Genetic Vectors/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Viral , Genetic Therapy , Genome, Viral , Mastadenovirus/physiology , Mastadenovirus/ultrastructure , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/therapy , Transcription, Genetic , Transduction, Genetic , Virus Replication , Genetic Vectors/therapeutic use
12.
Cir. & cir ; 74(6): 477-481, nov.-dic. 2006. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-571235

ABSTRACT

La leucodistrofia de Krabbe es una enfermedad rara en México, por este motivo se reporta un caso de una niña de 11 años. Se describen los estudios ultraestructurales de biopsia de nervio sural. Las vainas de mielina fueron muy delgadas. El citoplasma de las células de Schwann contenía estructuras no membranosas y estructuras en forma de agujas parcialmente curvilíneas de longitud variable. Las inclusiones a menudo tenían material electrodenso o electrolúcido. Estas características representan a la leucodistrofia de Krabbe. Los estudios ultraestructurales ayudan al diagnóstico en los casos en que no se dispone de estudios genéticos o técnicas especiales de laboratorio. En la paciente descrita el diagnóstico de enfermedad de Krabbe se estableció tardíamente de acuerdo con el inicio de los síntomas. El diagnóstico de leucodistrofia de Krabbe se puede evidenciar con el estudio de microscopia electrónica de nervio sural.


Krabbe's leukodystrophy is a rare hereditary disease in Mexico. For that reason we report the case of an 11-year-old child. Ultrastructural studies of sural nerve biopsy specimen are described. Myelin sheaths were uniformly thin for the fiber diameters. Cytoplasm of Schwann cells exhibited a moderate dilatation with non-membrane masses with partly curvilinear, needle-shaped structures of variable length. The inclusions often had electron-dense or electron-lucent halos. These inclusions ultrastructurally represented Krabbe's leukodystrophy, and this method aids in the diagnosis in cases that are not available for genetic studies or special laboratory techniques. In this patient, diagnosis of Krabbe's disease was delayed and established several years after the initial symptoms. Electron microscopic examination of a sural nerve provided evidence for a diagnosis of Krabbe's leukodystrophy.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child , Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell/diagnosis , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission , Sural Nerve/ultrastructure , Myelin Sheath/ultrastructure , Crystallization , Schwann Cells/ultrastructure , Inclusion Bodies/ultrastructure , Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell/pathology , Time Factors
13.
Cir Cir ; 74(6): 483-93, 2006.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17244507

ABSTRACT

Gene therapy is based on the use of DNA as a therapeutic material as an alternative therapeutic tool for treatment of human diseases. All proteins are codified into the DNA and several diseases result from the absence or aberrant expression of one or related genes, absence of expression of functional proteins, and alterations for regulation process in transport and degradation mechanisms. In this regard, several diseases could be potentially treated through the expression of the normal form of the involved protein. However, the main objective is to achieve a successful genetic material delivery into the target site and avoid the destruction of DNA or the selected vehicle before arrival at the final destination. Several efficient viral gene transfer systems have been developed. Viral-mediated gene delivery for experimental models has been designed from herpes virus (HV), adenovirus (adenovirous), adeno-associated virus (AAV) and retroviruses (lentiviral vectors). In this review we will discuss the specific biological and cloning properties of adenoviral vectors as a gene transfer tool and potential medical implications for gene therapy.


Subject(s)
Genetic Diseases, Inborn/therapy , Genetic Vectors/genetics , Mastadenovirus/genetics , Female , Gene Expression Regulation, Viral , Genetic Therapy , Genetic Vectors/therapeutic use , Genome, Viral , Humans , Male , Mastadenovirus/physiology , Mastadenovirus/ultrastructure , Transcription, Genetic , Transduction, Genetic , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/therapy , Virus Replication
14.
Cir Cir ; 74(6): 477-81, 2006.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17244506

ABSTRACT

Krabbe's leukodystrophy is a rare hereditary disease in Mexico. For that reason we report the case of an 11-year-old child. Ultrastructural studies of sural nerve biopsy specimen are described. Myelin sheaths were uniformly thin for the fiber diameters. Cytoplasm of Schwann cells exhibited a moderate dilatation with non-membrane masses with partly curvilinear, needle-shaped structures of variable length. The inclusions often had electron-dense or electron-lucent halos. These inclusions ultrastructurally represented Krabbe's leukodystrophy, and this method aids in the diagnosis in cases that are not available for genetic studies or special laboratory techniques. In this patient, diagnosis of Krabbe's disease was delayed and established several years after the initial symptoms. Electron microscopic examination of a sural nerve provided evidence for a diagnosis of Krabbe's leukodystrophy.


Subject(s)
Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell/diagnosis , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission , Sural Nerve/ultrastructure , Child , Crystallization , Female , Humans , Inclusion Bodies/ultrastructure , Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell/pathology , Myelin Sheath/ultrastructure , Schwann Cells/ultrastructure , Time Factors
15.
Cir Cir ; 72(5): 387-94; discussion 395-6, 2004.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15550228

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: We report 14 cases of patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth types 1 (CMT) and type 2 (CMT2). The objective of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of structural studies of peripheral nerve and striated muscle biopsies and to discuss correlations with clinical symptoms and electrophysiologic findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Nerve and muscle biopsies were obtained and processed according to standards methods for transmission electron microscopy. Diagnosis of CMT was based on clinical electrophysiologic findings. RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that myelinated fibers showed moderate-to- severe demyelinization and remyelinization, folding complex, tomacula formations, and presence of moderate vacuoles into myelin. The axonal cytoskeleton shows an important decrease of neurofilaments and microtubules in myelinated and unmyelinated nerves. Striated muscle showed different degenerative changes in Z disc. One important finding was presence of crystals inclusions in mitochondrion. In 11 cases, it was possible to find relevant changes in mitochondria-like hyperplasia. In this study, we had four cases with > 20 years of evolution; these cases showed relevant degenerative changes in nerve and muscle. Nerves presented great demyelination with damage in cytoskeleton of the axon, while fibers of muscle had necrosis and hyalinization. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, it is possible to distinguish morphologically CMT subtypes, due to the fact that in CMT2 we found a 50% decrease of filaments and microtubules that were reduced in myelinic axons; this finding does not occur in CMT1.


Subject(s)
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease/pathology , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male
16.
Ginecol. obstet. Méx ; 66(5): 187-201, mayo 1998. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-232542

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Determinar en la tercera vértebra lumbar de un grupo de hombres y mujeres de la Ciudad de México la densidad ósea estableciendo y correlacionando las características morfométricas del cuerpo vertebral, por medio de técnicas específicas y por detectar grupos con alteraciones de osteoporosis y osteopenia. Metodología. El estudio se realizó en la tercera vértebra lumbar de 23 cadáveres del Servicio Médico Forense, 8 mujeres de 31 a 72 años y 15 hombres de 25 a 62 años. Los estudios efectuados fueron: radiológicos, densitometría ósea y análisis de imagen, en la que se determinó espesor de las trabéculas verticales y horizontales. Con microscopia electrónica de barrido por medio de la Técnica de rayos X se determinó en forma semicuantitativa la presencia de calcio, fósforo, magnesio y sodio y en forma cualitativa la distribución de calcio en una área determinada del cuerpo vertebral mediante la técnica de energía dispersada de rayos X. Resultados. Estudio radiológico en el grupo de mujeres ninguna vértebra estudiada fue normal, todas ellas presentaron cambios degenerativos, de éstas cinco con trabeculación aumentada y tres con evidencia de fractura, con respecto al grupo de hombres siete fueron normales y ocho casos con cambios degenerativos de éstos seis presentaron densidad ósea con densitometría con DEXA en el grupo de mujeres sólo una se determinó normal, tres osteopenia y cinco con osteoporosis, en el grupo de varones cinco fueron normales, cinco con osteopenia y cinco con osteoporosis. En la determinación del mapeo de calcio por medio del microscopio de barrido, se pudo observar la distribución de calcio, en los casos normales se observó su distribución se presenta menos densa existiendo áreas en las que el calcio se encuentra disminuido o bien se encuentra ausente. En el estudio morfométrico se determinó el espesor trabecular de nueve vértebras, de cinco mujreses y cuatro hombres, en el grupo de mujeres, una presentó un espesor trabecular promedio normal de 222.1µm, en las cuatro restantes con osteoporosis el rango fue de 126.3 a 156.2 µm, en el grupò de varones se encontraron dos normales con un espesor trabecular promedio de 249.7 µm...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Bone Density , Densitometry , Bone Diseases/metabolism , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Osteoporosis , Osteoporosis/diagnosis , Osteoporosis/epidemiology , Osteoporosis/pathology , Sex Factors , Lumbar Vertebrae/pathology , Lumbar Vertebrae , Mexico/epidemiology
17.
Ginecol. obstet. Méx ; 65(5): 182-90, mayo 1997. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-210766

ABSTRACT

Los estudios relativos al tratamiento contra la vaginosis bacteriana han sido sobre efectividad probando concentraciones y tiempos del tratamiento. En el presente estudio analizamos la relación morfológica de la flora vaginal con el epitelio de la vagina, en mujeres con vaginosis bacteriana, en pre-tratamiento, primer postratamiento empleando metronidazol oral y fosfato de clindamicina intravaginal. De las 20 pacientes con vaginosis bacteriana, a 10 se les prescribió metronidazol oral 500 mg/2 al día X7 días; a las restantes, clindamicina 2 por ciento intravaginal una aplicación diaria por siete días. A las parejas se les suministró metronidazol en la dosis señalada. Las muestras obtenidas se procesaron mediante técnicas habituales para microscopia electrónica de transmisión. Se realizaron cortes ultrafinos de 100 mm de grosor y cortes seriados del mismo grosor. En pre-tratamiento las prolongaciones celulares ocasionaron mayor adhesión de las bacterias; asimismo, se encontraron restos de uniones celulares con bacterias adheridas. Se encontró penetración de algunas bacterias a las células epiteliales, corroborándose con cortes seriados y destacando la superposición de éstas en las células. Esta penetración se encontró en cinco casos y persistió en el primero y segundo postratamientos. En el primer postratamiento, se encontraron grupos celulares sin bacteria, la presencia de lactobacilos fue baja y aumentó posteriormente. La presencia de levaduras se presentó en el primer postratamiento y en algunos casos persistió. Es importante diferenciar la(s) bacteria(s) intracelulares e inferir las características relacionadas con la penetración bacteriana, para una adecuada prescripción y un mejor aprovechamiento de los fármacos previniendo posibles daños. La presencia de bacterias intracelularmente puede ser una de las causas de reincidencia de vaginosis bacteriana


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Clindamycin , Clindamycin/therapeutic use , Epithelium/drug effects , Epithelium/microbiology , Epithelium/ultrastructure , Metronidazole , Vagina/ultrastructure , Vaginosis, Bacterial/drug therapy , Vaginosis, Bacterial/microbiology
18.
Ginecol. obstet. Méx ; 65(5): 194-201, mayo 1997. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-210768

ABSTRACT

Se evaluó el daño del epitelio traqueal en prematuros qeu estuvieron intubados y sometidos a ventilación mecánica. Se realizaron biopsias a siete neonatos pretérmino, el peso varió de 1100 a 2350 g, 5 nacieron por cesárea y dos por vía vagonal. El cultivo bronquial fue negativo en 5, en uno se aisló Lysteria monocitogena y en otro Pseudomonas sp. La biopsia se tomó a diferentes tiempos de intubación, un caso de un día, tres casos a los tres días, 1 caso a los 14 días, un caso a los 17 día y un caso a los 17 días postextubación. El tejido obtenido se procesó de acuerdo a las técnicas habituales de microscopía electrónica. Se examinaron cortes semifinos y finos; éstos últimos observados en un microscopio electrónico de transmisión Zeiss. Cinco fallecieron por neumonía asociada con otras patologías. En el estudio óptico y ultraestructural se encontró que con un día de intubación sólo había pérdida de cilios, con tres días de ventilación se observó pérdida de células ciliadas y no ciliadas, muerte celular y ausencia de uniones celulares. En un caso con tres días de ventilación y 17 días de posextubación que cursó con infección por pseudomonas se encontraron zonas ulceradas y edema. A los 14 días se encontraron zonas de necrosis, incremento en la colágena. A los 17 días de observaron varias zonas ulceradas hasta la capa muscular con formación de fibrosis y restos celulares en la luz traqueal. Se concluye que la ventilación mecánica y la presencia de una sonda, dañan el epitelio bronquial desde las primeras 24 horas


Subject(s)
Infant, Newborn , Humans , Infant, Premature , Infant, Premature, Diseases/physiopathology , Intubation, Intratracheal/adverse effects , Pneumonia/congenital , Pneumonia/therapy , Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects , Trachea/pathology , Trachea/ultrastructure
19.
Ginecol. obstet. Méx ; 64(4): 167-76, abr. 1996. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-181664

ABSTRACT

La transmisión vertical perinatal se ha incrementado mundialmente en la actualidad se informa acerca de un millón de niños con VIH. El rango de variación va de 12 a 40 por ciento dependiendo del país. En los últimos años se han empleado drogas antirretrovirales, como AZT, ddI y otras, para disminuir el paso del virus vía transplacentaria. Se analizaron 18 placentas de mujeres seropositivas a VIH, tres correspondieron al primer trimestre y 15 al tercer trimestre de la gestación; en cuatro casos las pacientes recibieron tratamiento con AZT en las semanas 14 (dos pacientes), 26 y 35 de las gestación y otra pacientes recibió AZT y ddI en la semana 28. El grupo testigo consistió en 10 placentas normales. Se efectuó análisis ultraestructural se observaron diferentes localizaciones del virus VIH en sincitiotrofoblasto, células deciduales y vasos umbilicales (seis casos). En 13 casos se encontró hiperplasia e hipertrofia de macrófagos que contenían abundantes lisosomas. En un caso, donde una niña es seropositiva, se identificaron numerosos viriones VIH en macrófagos. Con inmuno-oro se localizaron proteínas virales en citoplasma y membrana plasmática, en trofoblasto y endotelio de capilares fetales. Con inmunoperoxidasa cuatro casos dieron positividad. En placentas con tratamiento antirretroviral desde la semana 14, el trofoblasto era más denso por el incremento de filamentos. Las placentas con tratamiento en el tercer trimestre, presentaron morfología normal con discreto incremento de filamentos. En los casos tratados con AZT y ddI no se encontró hiperplasía e hipertrofia de macrófagos ni partículas virales. Se concluye que en madres seropositivas sin tratamiento el virus es capaz de pasar a cualquier parte de la vellosidad coriónica y en pacientes con tratamiento no se identifican virus pero sí una síntesis de proteínas virales


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Azathioprine/administration & dosage , HIV , HIV Seropositivity , Immunohistochemistry , Microscopy, Electron , Placenta/ultrastructure
20.
Ginecol. obstet. Méx ; 64(4): 184-91, abr. 1996. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-181666

ABSTRACT

Los complejos sinaptonémicos (CSs) son estructuras nucleares específicas de las meiosis. Juegan un papel central en el apareamiento de cromosomas homólogos, se consideran esenciales en los eventos de crossing over y la segregación cromosómica durante la primera división meiótica. Cuando finaliza su ensamble en el estadio paquiteno, cada complejo sinaptonémico se extiende a lo largo del bivalente uniendo sus extremos a la envoltura nuclear. Los CSs se caracterizan por la presencia de dos elementos laterales y una región central. Los elementos laterales son paralelos y equidistantes. La cromatina de los cromosomas homólogos, se unen en una serie de asas a estos elementos. La región central se localiza entre los elementos laterales. Está formada por las fibrillas latero-mediales y el elemento medial. Las primeras se orientan perpendicularmente al eje longitudinal de CS y conectan los elementos laterales con el elemento medial. Los nódulos de recombinación juegan un papel activo en los procesos de recombinación y formación de quiasmas, se asocian a intervalos con la región central entre los cromosomas homólogos. La localización y función de los ácidos nucleicos en la formación y apareamiento del complemento sinaptonémico es poco conocida, por lo que se buscan alternativas metodológicas para resolver este tipo de problemas. En el presente trabajo se estudió la distribución de ADN en ovocitos de pollo en citeno utilizando técnicas para icroscopía electrónica de inmuno-oro. Además se emplearon técnicas citoquímicas como: contraste preferencial para ADN o preferencial para ribonucleoproteínas (RNPs). La combinación de tinción preferencial para RNPs e inmunolocalización de ADN nos demuestran que la cromatina se acumula conujuntamente con las ribonucleoprotéinas en los elementos laterales no apareados y la presencia de numerosas fibrillas RNPs distribuidas laxamante alrededor de los elementos laterales. Se encontraron nódulos de recombinación entre los elementos laterales durante el apareamiento, estos nódulos son PTA positivos lo que nos indica la presencia de ADN en éstos y por lo tanto la presencia de ADN entre los elementos laterales. La presencia de un puente de fibrillas marcadas con oro coloidal (ADMN) uniendo a los elementos laterales no apareados, sugeriría al ADN como una especie de macromolécula formadora de sitios de sinapsis


Subject(s)
Animals , Chick Embryo , Chromatin/ultrastructure , DNA/ultrastructure , Immunohistochemistry , In Vitro Techniques , Ribonucleoproteins , RNA/ultrastructure , Synaptonemal Complex
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