ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention are frequently and increasingly performed worldwide. Although catheters for coronary angiography are considered as single-use devices, some people still question this decision. This study evaluated the structural characteristics and thermal stability of new and reprocessed catheters. METHODS: Five catheters (Judkins left) of the same brand and manufacturer were selected for each analysis. We evaluated: new catheters, catheters reprocessed once (first), twice (second), thrice (third), and seven times (seventh). The optical analyses of the proximal, middle and distal parts of the catheters were performed by magnifying glass. Besides, thermogravimetric analyses were done. RESULTS: After reprocessing, the crushing, color changes, folds, dents, deformations, and lumen narrowing were observed; the stainless-steel framework, the external tortuosity, the interlaced mesh of stainless-steel wires and loss of polymeric material were visualized. Thermogravimetric analysis showed lost of mass of the catheters. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that the structural integrity and mass of catheters are lost with reprocessing. These findings may be caused by several steps of reprocessing; however, regardless of which step or steps were responsible, the presence of structural integrity loss leads to the recommendation of not reusing this type of device.
ABSTRACT
O Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade é um distúrbio neurocomportamental com prevalência em crianças e adolescentes, trazendo consequências no aprendizado na fase de aquisição e desenvolvimento, causando dificuldades emocionais e sociais. Fatores ambientais e genéticos estão relacionados ao transtorno e o diagnóstico precoce é uma das formas de tratamento. A questão fundamental que nos leva a estudar este tema está vinculada na prática pedagógica, onde percebemos que existem fatores que podem influenciar e prejudicar o desempenho dos educandos, incluindo diversos problemas tanto de ordem familiar, social e principalmente os que afetam a atenção. Assim, nossos objetivos visam a compreender esse transtorno, identificar os sintomas, causas, e propor estratégias de intervenções, para manejar melhor os conhecimentos e favorecer uma melhor atenção e amparo educacional a essas crianças. Realizamos pesquisas bibliográficas em diversas fontes como: Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), PubMed, entre outras, buscando informações para compreender os diferentes aspectos associados (comportamento e relacionamento da criança hiperativa), possibilitando alternativas para um melhor atendimento na área educacional(AU)
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a developmental disorder, largely neurological in nature, with prevalence in children and adolescents, which brings consequences in learning, in the cognitive acquisition and development phase, causes emotional and social difficulties. The environmental and genetic factors are directly related to the disorder and so the precocious diagnosis is one way of ADHD treatment. The fundamental subject that leads us to study this theme is linked to the pedagogic practice, where we notice the existence of factors which can influence and harm the students acting, as much as the problems of family, social order and, mainly, the ones that affect the attention. Thereby, our purposes seek to understand this disorder, to identify the symptoms, the causes and consequences, to propose interventions to articulate the knowledge better and to dedicate larger attention and education help to those children. We accomplished bibliographical researches in several sources, such as: Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), PubMed, among others, looking for information to understand the different aspects of the hyperactivity (the behavior and the relationship of the hyperactive child), making possible alternatives for a better service in the education area(AU)
Subject(s)
Child , Adolescent , Adolescent , Child , Learning , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , EducationABSTRACT
O Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade é um distúrbio neurocomportamental com prevalência em crianças e adolescentes, trazendo consequências no aprendizado na fase de aquisição e desenvolvimento, causando dificuldades emocionais e sociais. Fatores ambientais e genéticos estão relacionados ao transtorno e o diagnóstico precoce é uma das formas de tratamento. A questão fundamental que nos leva a estudar este tema está vinculada na prática pedagógica, onde percebemos que existem fatores que podem influenciar e prejudicar o desempenho dos educandos, incluindo diversos problemas tanto de ordem familiar, social e principalmente os que afetam a atenção. Assim, nossos objetivos visam a compreender esse transtorno, identificar os sintomas, causas, e propor estratégias de intervenções, para manejar melhor os conhecimentos e favorecer uma melhor atenção e amparo educacional a essas crianças. Realizamos pesquisas bibliográficas em diversas fontes como: Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), PubMed, entre outras, buscando informações para compreender os diferentes aspectos associados (comportamento e relacionamento da criança hiperativa), possibilitando alternativas para um melhor atendimento na área educacional.
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a developmental disorder, largely neurological in nature, with prevalence in children and adolescents, which brings consequences in learning, in the cognitive acquisition and development phase, causes emotional and social difficulties. The environmental and genetic factors are directly related to the disorder and so the precocious diagnosis is one way of ADHD treatment. The fundamental subject that leads us to study this theme is linked to the pedagogic practice, where we notice the existence of factors which can influence and harm the students acting, as much as the problems of family, social order and, mainly, the ones that affect the attention. Thereby, our purposes seek to understand this disorder, to identify the symptoms, the causes and consequences, to propose interventions to articulate the knowledge better and to dedicate larger attention and education help to those children. We accomplished bibliographical researches in several sources, such as: Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), PubMed, among others, looking for information to understand the different aspects of the hyperactivity (the behavior and the relationship of the hyperactive child), making possible alternatives for a better service in the education area.
Subject(s)
Child , Adolescent , Adolescent , Learning , Child , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , EducationABSTRACT
Opioid and serotonergic mechanisms of the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) are recruited by conditioned freezing and antinociception. However, it is unclear whether freezing and antinociception induced by stimulation of the vlPAG are interrelated. To address this issue we looked at the effects of the opioid antagonist naltrexone, the 5-HT2 antagonist ketanserin, and the benzodiazepine agonist midazolam injected into the vlPAG on the freezing and antinociception induced by electrical stimulation of this region. This antinociception was evaluated by the tail-flick and formalin tests. To further characterize the involvement of the vlPAG in unconditioned fear, the effects of intra-vlPAG injections of midazolam on the exploratory behavior were also assessed in independent groups of rats submitted to the elevated plus-maze test (EPM). The data obtained showed that: (i) electrical stimulation of the vlPAG causes freezing blocked by midazolam but not by naltrexone and ketanserin; (ii) antinociception generated at the level of the vlPAG is inhibited by naltrexone, ketanserin, and midazolam; (iii) activation of benzodiazepine-mediated mechanisms in the vlPAG increased the exploratory behavior of rats in the closed arms but not the avoidance behavior of open arms of the EPM. Thus, freezing and antinociception generated in the vlPAG are dissociated pharmacologically. Whereas antinociception is a multimediated process sensitive to naltrexone, ketanserin, and midazolam, the freezing induced by vlPAG stimulation was reversed only by the benzodiazepine compound. As injections of midazolam into the vlPAG do not cause anxiolytic effects in the EPM, the aversive stimuli inherent of this test seem to bypass the vlPAG.