Deep history of cultural and linguistic evolution among Central African hunter-gatherers.

Human evolutionary history in Central Africa reflects a deep history of population connectivity. However, Central African hunter-gatherers (CAHGs) currently speak languages acquired from their neighbouring farmers. Hence it remains unclear which aspects of CAHG cultural diversity results from long-term evolution preceding agriculture and which reflect borrowing from farmers. On the basis of musical instruments, foraging tools, specialized vocabulary and genome-wide data from ten CAHG populations, we reveal evidence of large-scale cultural interconnectivity among CAHGs before and after the Bantu expansion. We also show that the distribution of hunter-gatherer musical instruments correlates with the oldest genomic segments in our sample predating farming. Music-related words are widely shared between western and eastern groups and likely precede the borrowing of Bantu languages. In contrast, subsistence tools are less frequently exchanged and may result from adaptation to local ecologies. We conclude that CAHG material culture and specialized lexicon reflect a long evolutionary history in Central Africa.

Hunter-Gatherer children's close-proximity networks: Similarities and differences with cooperative and communal breeding systems.

Among vertebrates, allomothering (non-maternal care) is classified as cooperative breeding (help from sexually mature non-breeders, usually close relatives) or communal breeding (shared care between multiple breeders who are not necessarily related). Humans have been described with both labels, most frequently as cooperative breeders. However, few studies have quantified the relative contributions of allomothers according to whether they are (a) sexually mature and reproductively active and (b) related or unrelated. We constructed close-proximity networks of Agta and BaYaka hunter-gatherers. We used portable remote-sensing devices to quantify the proportion of time children under the age of 4 spent in close proximity to different categories of potential allomother. Both related and unrelated, and reproductively active and inactive, campmates had substantial involvement in children's close-proximity networks. Unrelated campmates, siblings and subadults were the most involved in both populations, whereas the involvement of fathers and grandmothers was the most variable between the two populations. Finally, the involvement of sexually mature, reproductively inactive adults was low. Where possible, we compared our findings with studies of other hunter-gatherer societies, and observed numerous consistent trends. Based on our results we discuss why hunter-gatherer allomothering cannot be fully characterised as cooperative or communal breeding.

Agta hunter-gatherer oral microbiomes are shaped by contact network structure.

Here we investigate the effects of extensive sociality and mobility on the oral microbiome of 138 Agta hunter-gatherers from the Philippines. Our comparisons of microbiome composition showed that the Agta are more similar to Central African BaYaka hunter-gatherers than to neighbouring farmers. We also defined the Agta social microbiome as a set of 137 oral bacteria (only 7% of 1980 amplicon sequence variants) significantly influenced by social contact (quantified through wireless sensors of short-range interactions). We show that large interaction networks including strong links between close kin, spouses and even unrelated friends can significantly predict bacterial transmission networks across Agta camps. Finally, we show that more central individuals to social networks are also bacterial supersharers. We conclude that hunter-gatherer social microbiomes are predominantly pathogenic and were shaped by evolutionary tradeoffs between extensive sociality and disease spread.

The making of the oral microbiome in Agta hunter-gatherers.

Ecological and genetic factors have influenced the composition of the human microbiome during our evolutionary history. We analysed the oral microbiota of the Agta, a hunter-gatherer population where some members have adopted an agricultural diet. We show that age is the strongest factor modulating the microbiome, probably through immunosenescence since we identified an increase in the number of species classified as pathogens with age. We also characterised biological and cultural processes generating sexual dimorphism in the oral microbiome. A small subset of oral bacteria is influenced by the host genome, linking host collagen genes to bacterial biofilm formation. Our data also suggest that shifting from a fish/meat diet to a rice-rich diet transforms their microbiome, mirroring the Neolithic transition. All of these factors have implications in the epidemiology of oral diseases. Thus, the human oral microbiome is multifactorial and shaped by various ecological and social factors that modify the oral environment.

Physical fitness, hormonal profile, nutritional and psychological aspects assessment of transgender women volleyball players submitted to physical tests: protocol paper of a prospective cohort.

To evaluate aerobic capacity, strength and other physiological, nutritional, and psychological variables which may influence the performance of transgender women (TW) athletes and compare them to cisgender women (CW) and cisgender men (CM) athletes, as well as changes in TW performance over the course of a year. Prospective cohort study including three groups: TW, CW and CM volleyball athletes. Subjects will be comprehensively assessed at two different moments: baseline and after 6-12 months of adequate hormonal therapy. Evaluation will comprise clinical, medical, nutritional and psychological interviews, incremental treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise testing, hand grip strength test, vertical jump test, analysis of sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), hormonal profile, echocardiogram, analysis of resting energy expenditure, assessment of bone mass and body composition through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans, and untargeted metabolomic analysis. CW and CM matched by age, body mass index and level of physical activity will undergo a similar evaluation. The assessment of the strength, aerobic capacity, haematological, nutritional and psychological status of TW using gold-standard tests will contribute to understanding the impact of oestrogen therapy on the exercise performance of these athletes and how they compare with CW and CM.

The Differential Effect of Schooling and Physical Activity on Dementia in Older Women and Men from Brazil: Implications for Policymaking.

BACKGROUND: Modifiable risk factors exert crucial impact on dementia. OBJECTIVE: We sought to answer the question: do two modifiable risk factors, schooling level and physical activity (PA), affect cognitive function similarly in each sex? METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 and 2021, and the survey was applied to the residents of the metropolitan area of Santos, a seashore of Sao Paulo State. Four hundred and twenty-two participants (women = 254 and men = 168) were eligible. Baecke questionnaire for the elderly was applied for the classification as physically inactive (PI) or active (PA). Cognitive function was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). Participants were also stratified by schooling status for both sexes. RESULTS: Higher education had a sex-independent positive influence on MMSE and CDR (p < 0.001). PA influences positively MMSE in older women (PI: 25±5 and PA: 27±3, p < 0.03), but has no effect in older men (26±5 and 25±5, p > 0.05). Concordantly, older women who were PA (1.7 and 0 %) showed a lower prevalence of dementia compared with PI (6.2 and 2.1%), for mild and moderate respectively. Active older women had higher odds of improving the MMSE score (OR: 1.093; 95% CI: 1.008-1.186) than men (OR: 0.97 (95% CI: 0.896-1.051). CONCLUSION: Education affects cognitive function equally in Brazilian elderly whereas older women are more responsive to the beneficial effects of PA for dementia than men.

Population interconnectivity over the past 120,000 years explains distribution and diversity of Central African hunter-gatherers.

The evolutionary history of African hunter-gatherers holds key insights into modern human diversity. Here, we combine ethnographic and genetic data on Central African hunter-gatherers (CAHG) to show that their current distribution and density are explained by ecology rather than by a displacement to marginal habitats due to recent farming expansions, as commonly assumed. We also estimate the range of hunter-gatherer presence across Central Africa over the past 120,000 years using paleoclimatic reconstructions, which were statistically validated by our newly compiled dataset of dated archaeological sites. Finally, we show that genomic estimates of divergence times between CAHG groups match our ecological estimates of periods favoring population splits, and that recoveries of connectivity would have facilitated subsequent gene flow. Our results reveal that CAHG stem from a deep history of partially connected populations. This form of sociality allowed the coexistence of relatively large effective population sizes and local differentiation, with important implications for the evolution of genetic and cultural diversity in Homo sapiens.

The origins of human cumulative culture: from the foraging niche to collective intelligence.

Various studies have investigated cognitive mechanisms underlying culture in humans and other great apes. However, the adaptive reasons for the evolution of uniquely sophisticated cumulative culture in our species remain unclear. We propose that the cultural capabilities of humans are the evolutionary result of a stepwise transition from the ape-like lifestyle of earlier hominins to the foraging niche still observed in extant hunter-gatherers. Recent ethnographic, archaeological and genetic studies have provided compelling evidence that the components of the foraging niche (social egalitarianism, sexual and social division of labour, extensive co-residence and cooperation with unrelated individuals, multilocality, fluid sociality and high between-camp mobility) engendered a unique multilevel social structure where the cognitive mechanisms underlying cultural evolution (high-fidelity transmission, innovation, teaching, recombination, ratcheting) evolved as adaptations. Therefore, multilevel sociality underlies a 'social ratchet' or irreversible task specialization splitting the burden of cultural knowledge across individuals, which may explain why human collective intelligence is uniquely able to produce sophisticated cumulative culture. The foraging niche perspective may explain why a complex gene-culture dual inheritance system evolved uniquely in humans and interprets the cultural, morphological and genetic origins of Homo sapiens as a process of recombination of innovations appearing in differentiated but interconnected populations. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'The emergence of collective knowledge and cumulative culture in animals, humans and machines'.

Fatores relacionados à sarcopenia em pessoas vivendo com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana / Sarcopenia-relate factors in people living with human immunodeficiency virus

As terapias antirretrovirais (TARVs) aumentaram a expectativa de vida de pessoas vivendo com HIV (PVHIV). Contudo, os efeitos residuais do HIV e a toxicidade das TARVs parecem prejudicar a integridade do músculo esquelético (ME), deixando as PVHIV mais suscetíveis à sarcopenia. Assim, os objetivos deste estudo foram: (i) compreender os mecanismos fisiopatológicos que explicam o motivo pelo qual PVHIV são mais suscetíveis à sarcopenia; (ii) rastrear entre as PVHIV e que não vivem com HIV (PNVHIV) a prevalência de estar sob risco de sarcopenia, a qualidade de vida relacionada à sarcopenia e os fatores associados; (iii) verificar a prevalência de sarcopenia e dinapenia entre as PVHIV, comparar os componentes da sarcopenia em relação às PNVHIV e verificar os fatores associados aos componentes da sarcopenia; (iv) identificar na literatura científica os estudos que avaliaram o efeito de intervenções nutricionais sobre os parâmetros relacionados ao ME de PVHIV. Assim, quatro artigos foram redigidos para responder cada um dos objetivos descritos acima, incluindo uma revisão narrativa (RN), dois estudos transversais e uma revisão sistemática (RS). Para a RN, estudos pré-clínicos e clínicos foram identificados no MEDLINE/PubMed utilizando as palavras-chave "HIV", "Sarcopenia" e "Antirretrovirais". Nos estudos de delineamento transversal, foram avaliadas PVHIV atendidas no Serviço de Extensão ao Atendimento de Pacientes HIV/AIDS que foram comparadas às PNVHIV. No inquérito virtual foram aplicados o SARC-F e o SarQoL® para identificar a prevalência de estar sob risco de sarcopenia (≥ 4 pontos) e a qualidade de vida relacionada à sarcopenia (abaixo da mediana do escore geral), respectivamente. No estudo presencial foram avaliados a força de preensão manual (FPM), o índice de massa magra apendicular (IMMA), a velocidade de marcha (VM) e os fatores associados à sarcopenia. Em seguida, foi comparada a prevalência de sarcopenia, dinapenia e obesidade dinapênica entre as PVHIV e PNVHIV. Ambos os estudos foram compostos por homens e mulheres com idade ≥18 anos, residentes no estado de São Paulo. Finalmente, a RS foi registrada no prospero CRD42019139981 e seguiu os critérios PICOS para condução da busca. Os dados da RN revelaram que fatores como a inflamação sistêmica, desordens metabólicas e disfunção mitocondrial proveniente das TARVs aumentam a chance de PVHIV desenvolverem sarcopenia. O inquérito virtual (n= 344; 45,5±13,1 anos; 211 PVHIV) revelou que 10,43% (95 % IC: 6,6 - 15,4%) e 0,75% (95% IC: 1,90e-4 ­ 4%) das PVHIV e PNVHIV estão sob risco de sarcopenia, respectivamente. Similar, PVHIV apresentam pior qualidade de vida relacionada à sarcopenia e os problemas com o sono (OR 7,343; 95 % IC: 3,261 ­ 16,536; p< 0,001) e a obesidade (OR 4.945; 95% IC: 1,597 ­ 15,304; p= 0.006) são os principais fatores positivamente associados, ao passo que a prática regular de exercícios físicos está associada a melhor qualidade de vida relacionada à sarcopenia (OR 0.173; 95% IC: 0,080 ­ 0,375; p< 0,001). O estudo presencial (n= 70; 45,5±7,73 anos; n= 35 PVHIV) revelou que PVHIV e PNVHIV não atenderam os critérios para sarcopenia; entretanto, as PVHIV apresentaram menor FPM (­6,68 kg; p= 0,005) comparativamente às PNVHIV. Ainda, a razão massa gorda: massa magra foi o principal fator associado à menor FPM (ß= -15,476; p< 0,001). O IMMA não diferiu entre os grupos (-0,138 kg/m2; p= 0,641). Finalmente, na RS, nenhuma intervenção nutricional proposta entre os estudos promoveu aumento da massa muscular em PVHIV.

Antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) have increased the life expectancy of people living with HIV (PLWH). However, residual effects of HIV and toxicity from ARTs appear to impair skeletal muscle (SkM) integrity, leaving PLWH more susceptible to sarcopenia. Thus, this study's purpose was: to comprehend the pathophysiological mechanisms that explain why PLWH are more susceptible to sarcopenia; (ii) to verify among PLWH and not living with HIV (PNLWH) the prevalence of living at risk of sarcopenia, sarcopenia-related quality of life, and associated factors; (iii) to verify the prevalence of sarcopenia and dynapenia among PLWH, to compare the components of sarcopenia with PNVHIV and to verify the factors associated with the features of sarcopenia; (iv) to identify the studies that evaluated the effect of nutritional interventions on the SkM-related parameters. Thus, four articles were written to answer each of the purposes, including one narrative review (NR), two cross-sectional studies, and one systematic review (SR). For the NR, preclinical and clinical studies were identified in MEDLINE/PubMed using the keywords "HIV," "Sarcopenia," and "Antiretrovirals." In the cross-sectional design studies, PLWH was evaluated and compared to PNLWH. In the web-based survey, SARC-F and SarQoL® were applied to identify at risk of sarcopenia (≥ 4 points) prevalence and lower sarcopenia-related quality of life (below overall score median), respectively. In the second study, handgrip strength (HGS), appendicular lean mass index (ApLMI), walking speed (WS), and factors associated with sarcopenia were evaluated. Consequently, the prevalence of sarcopenia, dynapenia, and dynapenic obesity among PLWH and PNLWH was compared. Both studies were composed of men and women aged ≥ 18 years, residing in the state of São Paulo. Finally, the SR was registered in the PROSPERO CRD42019139981 and followed the PICOS criteria for searching. The data from the NR revealed that factors such as systemic inflammation, metabolic disorders, and mitochondrial dysfunction arising from ARTs increase the odds of PLWH being sarcopenic. The web-based survey (n= 344; 45.5±13.1 years; 211 PLHIV) revealed that 10.43% (95% CI: 6.6 - 15.4%) and 0.75% (95% CI: 1.90e-4 - 4%) of PLWH and PNLWH are at risk of sarcopenia, respectively. Similar, PLWH have worse sarcopenia-related quality of life and sleep problems (OR 7.343; 95% CI: 3.261 - 16.536; p< 0.001) and obesity (OR 4.945; 95% CI: 1.597 - 15.304; p= 0.006) are the main positively associated factors, whereas regular exercise is associated with lower odds to poor sarcopenia-related quality of life (OR 0.173; 95% CI: 0.080 - 0.375; p< 0.001). The second transversal study (n= 70; 45.5±7.73 years; n= 35 PLHIV) revealed that PLWH and PNLWH did not meet criteria for sarcopenia; however, PLWH had lower HGS (-6.68 kg; p= 0.005) compared to PNLWH. Also, the fat mass: lean mass ratio was the main factor associated with lower HGS (ß= -15.476; p< 0.001). ApLMI did not differ between groups (-0.138 kg/m2; p= 0.641). Finally, no nutritional intervention in SR promoted increased muscle mass in PLWH.

One-month of a low-energy diet, with no additional effect of high-protein, reduces Obstructive Sleep Apnea severity and improve metabolic parameters in obese males.

PURPOSE: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is closely associated with obesity. Weight loss ameliorates OSA and its associated metabolic disorders. A high protein intake may improve weight loss through increased energy expenditure, and fat-free mass maintenance during weight loss. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of a low-energy, high-protein diet on OSA severity and metabolic parameters in obese men. METHODS: Forty-five OSA obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) males were included in this randomized study and submitted to nocturnal polysomnography, body composition measured by plethysmography, biochemical analyses of blood glucose, insulin and lipids, and food intake evaluations before and after one month of a low-energy diet. Diets were designed to create a 30% deficit in total energy expenditure with 1.6 g of protein/kg/day (High Protein group - HP) or 0.8 g of protein/kg/day (Low Protein group - LP). RESULTS: Only a time effect of the intervention was observed in body mass (-3.7 ± 2.0% for the LP group and -4.0 ± 1.5% for the HP group; p < 0.001), Body Mass Index (p < 0.001), fat mass in kg (p < 0.01) and fat-free mass in kg (p < 0.01). Significant improvements in Apnea Hypopnea Index were observed in both groups (54.0 ± 25.0 to 33.7 ± 31.7 in LP group; 39.7 ± 24.3 to 21.4 ± 25.9 in HP group; p = 0.06). Improvements of 38% and 46% in the Apnea-Hypopnea Index were observed in the LP and HP groups, respectively. Both interventions provided equivalent metabolic benefits as reductions in glucose (p < 0.001), insulin (p < 0.001), HOMA-IR (p = 0.005), triglycerides (p = 0.002), and in total cholesterol (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: One month of a low-energy diet resulted in significant improvements in OSA severity in obese men. Increased protein intake during a short period of low-energy diet had no further beneficial effects on OSA severity or biochemical parameters than a standard protein diet. Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier no. NCT01985035.

Geographical and social isolation drive the evolution of Austronesian languages.

The origins of linguistic diversity remain controversial. Studies disagree on whether group features such as population size or social structure accelerate or decelerate linguistic differentiation. While some analyses of between-group factors highlight the role of geographical isolation and reduced linguistic exchange in differentiation, others suggest that linguistic divergence is driven primarily by warfare among neighbouring groups and the use of language as marker of group identity. Here we provide the first integrated test of the effects of five historical sociodemographic and geographic variables on three measures of linguistic diversification among 50 Austronesian languages: rates of word gain, loss and overall lexical turnover. We control for their shared evolutionary histories through a time-calibrated phylogenetic sister-pairs approach. Results show that languages spoken in larger communities create new words at a faster pace. Within-group conflict promotes linguistic differentiation by increasing word loss, while warfare hinders linguistic differentiation by decreasing both rates of word gain and loss. Finally, we show that geographical isolation is a strong driver of lexical evolution mainly due to a considerable drift-driven acceleration in rates of word loss. We conclude that the motor of extreme linguistic diversity in Austronesia may have been the dispersal of populations across relatively isolated islands, favouring strong cultural ties amongst societies instead of warfare and cultural group marking.

Hunter-gatherer multilevel sociality accelerates cumulative cultural evolution.

Although multilevel sociality is a universal feature of human social organization, its functional relevance remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of multilevel sociality on cumulative cultural evolution by using wireless sensing technology to map inter- and intraband social networks among Agta hunter-gatherers. By simulating the accumulation of cultural innovations over the real Agta multicamp networks, we demonstrate that multilevel sociality accelerates cultural differentiation and cumulative cultural evolution. Our results suggest that hunter-gatherer social structures [based on (i) clustering of families within camps and camps within regions, (ii) cultural transmission within kinship networks, and (iii) high intercamp mobility] may have allowed past and present hunter-gatherers to maintain cumulative cultural adaptation despite low population density, a feature that may have been critical in facilitating the global expansion of Homo sapiens.

Associação entre o padrão de sono e marcadores de risco cardiometabólicos de adolescentes / Adolescents sleep pattern association with cardiometabolic risk markers

Introdução: O sono é uma função cerebral importante, e seu padrão sofre importantes mudanças desde a infância até a adolescência, assinalado por um atraso progressivo na fase de sono no início da puberdade. A privação de sono compromete cognição, vigilância e memória, distúrbios do humor e implicações metabólicas. Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre o padrão de sono, estado nutricional e risco cardiometabólico em adolescentes. Materiais e método: Tratou-se de pesquisa transversal, com 339 adolescentes das escolas municipais de Santana de Parnaíba, com idade entre 12 e 15 anos. Medidas antropométricas como peso, altura, circunferência de cintura e pescoço e maturação sexual foram aferidas. Utilizou-se a escala de sonolência diurna, bem como os questionários de cronotipo de Munique e jet lag social. Resultados: A pontuação na Escala de sonolência diurna pediátrica (ESDP) em meninas e meninos foi de 16,06 e 13,81, respectivamente. Segundo a classificação das horas de sono, não houve diferença no índice de massa corporal, circunferência de cintura e de pescoço. Verificaram-se mais horas de sono durante final de semana, independentemente do estado nutricional. A análise de regressão apontou que o sexo masculino e atividade física foram fatores protetores da sonolência diurna, já quanto maior a idade, cronotipo e jet lag social maior foi a sonolência diurna. O sexo masculino, pós-púbere, elevada circunferência de pescoço, excesso de peso e maior pontuação da ESPD associaram-se positivamente ao risco cardiovascular, já o jet lag social desempenhou fator protetor a esse risco. Conclusão: O sono insuficiente em adolescentes gerou sonolência diurna e jet lag social, enquanto este último exerceu efeito protetor para doenças cardiometabólicas. (AU)

Introduction: Sleep is an important brain function, and its pattern undergoes important changes from childhood to adolescence, marked by a progressive delay in the sleep phase at the beginning of puberty. Sleep deprivation hampers cognition, alertness and memory, mood disorders and metabolic implications. Objective: To investigate the association between sleep patterns, nutritional status and cardiometabolic risk in adolescents. Method: This was a cross-sectional study involving 339 adolescents from the municipal schools in a municipality of the Greater São Paulo, aged between 12 and 15 years. Anthropometric measurements such as weight, height, waist and neck circumference and sexual maturation were measured. The daytime sleepiness scale was used, as well as the Munich chronotype and social jetlag questionnaires. Results: The score on the Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS) in girls and boys was 16.06 and 13.81, respectively. According to the classification of hours of sleep, there was no difference in body mass index, waist and neck circumference. More hours of sleep were observed during weekends, regardless of nutritional status. The regression analysis showed that male gender and physical activity were protective factors against daytime sleepiness; in contrast, the older the age, the chronotype and social jetlag, the greater the daytime sleepiness. Male gender, post-pubertal, high neck circumference, overweight and higher PDSS score were positively associated with cardiovascular risk, whereas the social jetlag played a protective factor against this risk. Conclusion: Insufficient sleep in adolescents generated daytime sleepiness and social jetlag. The latter had a protective effect against cardiometabolic diseases. (AU)

Global WEIRDing: transitions in wild plant knowledge and treatment preferences in Congo hunter-gatherers.

Cultures around the world are converging as populations become more connected. On the one hand this increased connectedness can promote the recombination of existing cultural practices to generate new ones, but on the other it may lead to the replacement of traditional practices and global WEIRDing. Here we examine the process and causes of changes in cultural traits concerning wild plant knowledge in Mbendjele BaYaka hunter-gatherers from Congo. Our results show that the BaYaka who were born in town reported knowing and using fewer plants than the BaYaka who were born in forest camps. Plant uses lost in the town-born BaYaka related to medicine. Unlike the forest-born participants, the town-born BaYaka preferred Western medicine over traditional practices, suggesting that the observed decline of plant knowledge and use is the result of replacement of cultural practices with the new products of cumulative culture.

Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Acute Skeletal Muscle Recovery after Exercise.

PURPOSE: Sleep is considered essential for muscle recovery, mainly due to its effect on hormone secretion. Total sleep deprivation or restriction is known to alter not only blood hormones but also cytokines that might be related to skeletal muscle recovery. This study aimed to evaluate whether total sleep deprivation after eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (EEIMD) modifies the profiles of blood hormones and cytokines. METHODS: In two separate conditions, with a crossover and randomized model, 10 men (age, 24.5 ± 2.9 yr; body mass index, 22.7 ± 2.3 kg·m) performed a unilateral EEIMD protocol that comprised 240 eccentric contractions of the knee extensor muscles using an isokinetic dynamometer. In one condition, a "muscle damage" protocol was followed by 48 h of total sleep deprivation and 12 h of normal sleep (DEPRIVATION). In the other condition, the same muscle damage protocol was conducted, followed by three nights of regular sleep (SLEEP). Isometric muscle voluntary contraction tests and blood samples were collected serially throughout the protocol and analyzed for creatine kinase, free and total testosterone, IGF-1, cortisol, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, receptor antagonist of IL-1 and IL-10. RESULTS: Muscle voluntary contraction and serum creatine kinase increased equally over the study period in both conditions. From the cytokines evaluated, only IL-6 increased in DEPRIVATION. No differences were detected in testosterone levels between conditions, but IGF-1, cortisol, and cortisol/total testosterone ratio were higher in DEPRIVATION. CONCLUSIONS: Total sleep deprivation after EEIMD does not delay muscle strength recovery but modifies inflammatory and hormonal responses.

Weight loss probiotic supplementation effect in overweight and obesity subjects: A review.

Obese individuals present adverse changes in the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota, leading to alterations in energy balance, lipid metabolism, endocrine disturbances, and low-grade chronic systemic inflammation increases. Probiotic supplementation appears to change gut microbiota by decrease gut permeability, inflammation, and metabolic disorders, creating a promising environment to weight loss. This revision resumes the main findings of probiotic supplementation and weight loss that contributed to building the current background linking changes in gut microbiota profile and with obesity.

Restrição de carboidratos no manejo do diabetes mellitus tipo 2: revisão crítica de ensaios clínicos randomizados / Carbohydrate restriction in the management of diabetes mellitus type 2: critical review of randomized clinical tests

O diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) é considerado um dos principais distúrbios metabólicos relacionados ao desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares e outras comorbidades, com elevada incidência e prevalência no Brasil e no mundo. Apesar dos avanços em seu tratamento, a projeção mundial é de aumento no número de diagnósticos. No Brasil, o total de pessoas com a doença cresceu mais de 60% em 10 anos. Como o manejo dietético é um dos pilares no tratamento do DM2, este trabalho objetivou analisar os estudos que compararam as dietas restritas em carboidratos com outras abordagens dietéticas a fim de elucidar se esta seria a opção mais adequada para os pacientes com DM2. Assim, fez-se uma revisão de ensaios clínicos randomizados por meio das plataformas de pesquisa PubMed e Cochrane Library em outubro de 2018, selecionando os estudos segundo a estratégia PICO de pesquisa. Dos 398 artigos encontrados, 19 atenderam os critérios de elegibilidade. Após a análise, demonstrou-se que as dietas restritas em carboidratos favorecem o controle glicêmico, melhora do perfil lipídico e redução dos medicamentos para DM2 em relação às outras opções dietéticas, no entanto, os trabalhos apresentam vieses metodológicos e são, em geral, de curto prazo. Sendo assim, é precipitado afirmar que essas dietas são mais efetivas para o tratamento do DM

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is considered one of the primary metabolic disorders related to the development of cardiovascular diseases and other comorbidities, with high incidence and prevalence in Brazil and in the world. Despite advances in its treatment, an increase in the number of diagnoses is estimated worldwide. In Brazil, the total number of people with the disease has grown more than 60% in 10 years. As dietary management is one of the mainstays in the treatment of T2DM, this study aimed to analyze the studies that compared carbohydrate-restricted diets with other dietary approaches to elucidate if this would be the most appropriate option for patients with T2DM. Thus, randomized clinical trials were reviewed through the PubMed and Cochrane Library research platforms in October 2018, selecting the studies according to the PICO research strategy. Of the 398 articles found, 19 met the eligibility criteria and had their data collected. After the analysis, it was demonstrated that carbohydrate-restricted diets support glycemic control, loss of body mass, improvement of lipid profile and reduction of medications for T2DM compared to other dietary options. However, a significant part of the studies has methodological biases and is generally short-term. Therefore, the level of evidence supporting dietary restriction of carbohydrates in the management of T2DM is considered moderate. Thus, according to the principle of the null hypothesis, it is unwise to affirm that these diets are superior in the treatment of DM2

Development of social learning and play in BaYaka hunter-gatherers of Congo.

High-fidelity transmission of information through imitation and teaching has been proposed as necessary for cumulative cultural evolution. Yet, it is unclear when and for which knowledge domains children employ different social learning processes. This paper explores the development of social learning processes and play in BaYaka hunter-gatherer children by analysing video recordings and time budgets of children from early infancy to adolescence. From infancy to early childhood, hunter-gatherer children learn mainly by imitating and observing others' activities. From early childhood, learning occurs mainly in playgroups and through practice. Throughout childhood boys engage in play more often than girls whereas girls start foraging wild plants from early childhood and spend more time in domestic activities and childcare. Sex differences in play reflect the emergence of sexual division of labour and the play-work transition occurring earlier for girls. Consistent with theoretical models, teaching occurs for skills/knowledge that cannot be transmitted with high fidelity through other social learning processes such as the acquisition of abstract information e.g. social norms. Whereas, observational and imitative learning occur for the transmission of visually transparent skills such as tool use, foraging, and cooking. These results suggest that coevolutionary relationships between human sociality, language and teaching have likely been fundamental in the emergence of human cumulative culture.

Relationship of evening meal with sleep quality in obese individuals with obstructive sleep apnea.

PURPOSE: To determine the relationship between habitual food intake, resting energy expenditure and sleep pattern in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients. METHODS: Forty-five OSA obese males were included in the study. All participants were submitted to nocturnal polysomnography, body composition measurements by plethysmography, resting energy expenditure (REE) analysis by indirect calorimetry and they filled in a 3-day food record. RESULTS: No differences in body composition, REE and food intake were found between the moderate and severe OSA groups. A trend towards higher energy intake in the severe OSA group was observed, compared to the moderate group (p = 0.08). Significant associations between apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) with body weight, body mass index (BMI) and resting energy expenditure (REE) were found. Higher food intake in the evening period was positively correlated with sleep stage NREM1, arousal index, and AHI and negatively correlated with sleep stage NREM3 and sleep efficiency. A multivariate linear regression showed energy intake at breakfast to be a significant negative predictor of AHI; protein intake (g/kg) showed a positive association, while energy intake at breakfast and at dinner were negative predictors of sleep efficiency; and energy intake at dinner was a negative predictor of stage NREM1 sleep. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that higher amounts of food intake during the evening period may diminish sleep quality in moderate and severe sleep apnea patients. In addition, despite observing no differences between OSA severity groups, a moderate correlation between REE and sleep quality and OSA exists.

Speech, stone tool-making and the evolution of language.

The 'technological hypothesis' proposes that gestural language evolved in early hominins to enable the cultural transmission of stone tool-making skills, with speech appearing later in response to the complex lithic industries of more recent hominins. However, no flintknapping study has assessed the efficiency of speech alone (unassisted by gesture) as a tool-making transmission aid. Here we show that subjects instructed by speech alone underperform in stone tool-making experiments in comparison to subjects instructed through either gesture alone or 'full language' (gesture plus speech), and also report lower satisfaction with their received instruction. The results provide evidence that gesture was likely to be selected over speech as a teaching aid in the earliest hominin tool-makers; that speech could not have replaced gesturing as a tool-making teaching aid in later hominins, possibly explaining the functional retention of gesturing in the full language of modern humans; and that speech may have evolved for reasons unrelated to tool-making. We conclude that speech is unlikely to have evolved as tool-making teaching aid superior to gesture, as claimed by the technological hypothesis, and therefore alternative views should be considered. For example, gestural language may have evolved to enable tool-making in earlier hominins, while speech may have later emerged as a response to increased trade and more complex inter- and intra-group interactions in Middle Pleistocene ancestors of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens; or gesture and speech may have evolved in parallel rather than in sequence.