[Technical guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of Zika virus infection]. / Lineamientos técnicos para la prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la infección por virus Zika.

Infection Zika virus is an emerging disease in the Americas region, which is caused by Zika virus (ZIKV), an arbovirus of the flavivirus genus. The ZIKV is transmitted by the bite of Aedes mosquitoes, both in urban and jungle area. After the mosquito bite, the disease symptoms usually appear after an incubation period of three to twelve days. The infection may be asymptomatic or presented with fever and not purulent conjunctivitis, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, asthenia, maculopapular rash, edema in lower limbs and, less frequently, retro-orbital pain, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea or pain abdominal. Symptoms last for 4-7 days and are self-limiting. Neurological and autoimmune complications are rare. Since 2014 it has been detected native circulation of Zika virus in the Americas. So far, there is no specific antiviral treatment or effective vaccine, so it's giving priority symptomatic and supportive treatment for the acute phase and make an early diagnosis of atypical and severe forms.

La infección por el virus Zika (ZIKV) es una enfermedad emergente en la región de las Américas causada por el virus Zika, un arbovirus del género flavivirus. El ZIKV se transmite por la picadura de mosquitos del género Aedes, tanto en un ámbito urbano como selvático. Posterior a la picadura del mosquito, los síntomas de enfermedad aparecen generalmente después de un periodo de incubación de tres a doce días. La infección puede cursar de forma asintomática, o bien, presentarse con fiebre, conjuntivitis no purulenta, cefalea, mialgia, artralgia, astenia, exantema maculopapular, edema en miembros pélvicos y, menos frecuentemente, dolor retro-orbitario, anorexia, vómito, diarrea o dolor abdominal. Los síntomas duran de 4 a 7 días y son autolimitados. Las complicaciones neurológicas y autoinmunes son poco frecuentes. Desde el año 2014 se ha detectado la circulación autóctona de virus Zika en las Américas. Hasta el momento, no existe un tratamiento antiviral específico o una vacuna eficaz, por lo que es prioritario otorgar tratamiento sintomático y de soporte para la fase aguda, así como realizar la identificación oportuna de las formas atípicas y graves.

[Key recommendations of the clinical guidelines of arterial hypertension in primary care]. / Recomendaciones de la guía de práctica clínica de hipertensión arterial en el primer nivel de atención.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension ranks first medical care in first level units. It is estimated that half of the patients with hypertension are uncontrolled. The purpose of this document is to provide recommendations to guide diagnosis and treatment of arterial hypertension in primary care, which have been considered key to the process of care, in order to help health professionals in the clinical decision-making. METHODS: The guide is integrated with recommendations of international guidelines and evidence of published studies indicated the changes regarding the management and treatment of hypertension, as well as differences between the target populations of the guide. Searching for information it is performed by means of a standardized sequence in PubMed and Cochrane Library Plus, from the questions asked. The key recommendations were chosen by a consensus of a group of professionals and health managers. CONCLUSIONS: The key recommendations evidence-based standardized help you make decisions about prevention, diagnosis and treatment in patients with hypertension, and will contribute to reducing cardiovascular risk, promote changes in lifestyle, control the disease and reduce complications.

Introducción: la hipertensión arterial (HA) ocupa el primer lugar de atención en unidades médicas de primer nivel. La mitad de los pacientes con HA no están controlados. El objetivo de este documento es proporcionar las recomendaciones de la guía de diagnóstico y tratamiento de HA en el primer nivel de atención que han sido consideradas clave para el proceso de atención, con el fin de ayudar a los profesionales de la salud, en la toma de decisiones clínicas. Métodos: la guía se integró con recomendaciones de guías internacionales y evidencias de estudios publicados que señalaron los cambios ocurridos en el abordaje y tratamiento de la HA, así como las diferencias entre los grupos poblacionales blanco de la guía. La búsqueda de información se realizó por medio de una secuencia estandarizada en Pubmed y Cochrane Library Plus. Las recomendaciones clave se eligieron por consenso de un grupo de profesionales y gestores de la salud. Conclusiones: las recomendaciones clave, basadas en evidencias, ayudarán a tomar decisiones estandarizadas sobre prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento en pacientes con HA, y coadyuvarán a disminuir el riesgo cardiovascular, impulsar cambios en el estilo de vida, controlar la enfermedad y reducir las complicaciones.

[Methodology for the development and update of practice guidelines: current state]. / Metodología para el desarrollo y la actualización de guías de práctica clínica: estado actual.

The current scenario of health services in Mexico reveals as a priority the implementation of strategies that allow us to better respond to the needs and expectations of individuals and society as a whole, through the provision of efficient and effective alternatives for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this context, clinical practice guidelines constitute an element of management in the health care system, whose objective is to establish a national bechmark for encouraging clinical and management decision making, based on recommendations from the best available evidence, in order to contribute to the quality and effectiveness of health care. The purpose of this document is to show the methodology used for the development and updating of clinical practice guidelines that the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social has developed in line with the sectorial model in order to serve the user of these guidelines.

El escenario actual de los servicios de salud en México revela como una prioridad implementar estrategias que nos permitan dar una mejor respuesta a las necesidades y expectativas de los individuos y de la sociedad en su conjunto, a través de la oferta de alternativas eficientes y efectivas para la prevención, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de las enfermedades. En este contexto, las guías de práctica clínica (GPC) constituyen un elemento de rectoría en la atención médica, cuyo objetivo es establecer un referente nacional para favorecer la toma de decisiones clínicas y gerenciales, basadas en recomendaciones sustentadas en la mejor evidencia disponible, a fin de contribuir a la calidad y la efectividad de la atención médica. El propósito de este documento es mostrar la metodología utilizada para el desarrollo y la actualización de las GPC que ha elaborado el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), metodología alineada con el modelo sectorial para que sirva al usuario de las guías como punto de partida para su comprensión y para que apoye su utilización.

[Experience of the Mexican National Health System in the development of clinical practice guidelines]. / Experiencia del Sistema Nacional de Salud Mexicano en el desarrollo de guías de práctica clínica.

BACKGROUND: Clinical practice guidelines are tools that have been able to streamline decisions made in health issues and to decrease the gap between clinical action and scientific evidence. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study is to share the experience in the development and to update the guidelines by the National Health System of Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The methodology in the development of the guidelines consists of 5 phases: prioritisation, establishment of work groups, development by adoption of international guidelines of de novo, validation and integration in the Master catalogue of clinical practice guidelines for its dissemination. RESULTS: The Master catalogue of clinical practice guidelines contains 664 guidelines, distributed in 42% Internal Medicine, 22% Surgery, 24% Pediatrics and 12% Gynecology. From the total of guidelines coverage is granted at an 85% of the Universal catalogue of health services, an 84% of the Catastrophic expenses protection fund and a 61% of the XXI Century Medical Insurance of the National Commission of Social Protection in Health. DISCUSSION: The result is the sum of a great effort of coordination and cooperation between the institutions of the National Health System, political wills and a commitment of 3,477 health professionals that participate in guidelines' development and update. CONCLUSION: Master catalogue guidelines' integration, diffusion and implantation improve quality of attention and security of the users of the National Health System.

[General Strategies for Implementation of Clinical Practice Guidelines]. / Estrategias generales para la implementación de las Guías de Práctica Clínica.

The need to use clinical practice guidelines (CPG) arises from the health conditions and problems that public health institutions in the country face. CPG are informative documents that help improve the quality of care processes and patient safety; having among its objectives, to reduce the variability of medical practice. The Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social designed a strategic plan for the dissemination, implementation, monitoring and control of CPG to establish an applicable model in the medical units in the three levels of care at the Instituto. This paper summarizes some of the strategies of the plan that were made with the knowledge and experience of clinicians and managers, with which they intend to promote the adoption of the key recommendations of the guidelines, to promote a sense of belonging for health personnel, and to encourage changes in organizational culture.

La necesidad de utilizar las guías de práctica clínica (GPC) surge de las condiciones y problemáticas de salud a las que se enfrentan las instituciones públicas de salud del país. Las GPC constituyen documentos informativos que contribuyen a mejorar la calidad de los procesos de atención y la seguridad del paciente; teniendo entre sus objetivos, reducir la variabilidad de la práctica médica. El Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social diseñó un plan estratégico para la difusión, implementación, monitorización y control de GPC, a fin de instituir un modelo aplicable en las unidades médicas en los tres niveles de atención del Instituto. En este documento se resumen algunas de las estrategias del plan que fueron elaboradas con el conocimiento y experiencia de clínicos y gestores, con las que, se pretende impulsar la adopción de las recomendaciones clave de las guías y promover el sentido de pertenencia del personal de la salud, así como favorecer cambios en la cultura organizacional.

[Technical guidelines for the prevention and treatment of chikungunya fever]. / Lineamientos técnicos para la prevención y el tratamiento de la fiebre chikunguña.

Chikungunya fever is an emerging disease caused by an alphavirus belonging to the Togaviridae family, transmitted by the bite of Aedes genus species: Aedesaegypti and Aedesalbopictus. In 2013, PAHO/WHO received confirmation of the first cases of indigenous transmission of chikungunya in the Americas. This disease may be acute, subacute and chronic, affecting all age groups. Following an incubation period from three to seven days, the patient usually begins with a high fever (greater than 39 °C), arthralgia, back pain, headache, nausea, vomiting, arthritis, rash, and conjunctivitis (acute phase: 3-10 days). Most patients recover fully, but in some cases, joint involvement may persist chronically and cause discapacity and affect life quality. Serious complications are rare, however, attention must be focused on vulnerable populations (the elderly, children and pregnant women). So far, there is no specific antiviral treatment or effective vaccine, so it is giving priority symptomatic and supportive treatment for the acute phase and make an early diagnosis of atypical and severe forms, and to implement effective prevention and control measures. Given the eco-epidemiological conditions and distribution of vectors in the region of the Americas, the spread of the virus to other countries is likely, so that health professionals should be aware of and identify risk factors and major clinical manifestations, allow timely prevention and safe and effective treatment of this disease.

La fiebre chikunguña es una enfermedad emergente producida por un alfavirus de a la familia Togaviridae. Se transmite por la picadura de Aedes aegypti y Aedes albopictus. En 2013, la OPS/OMS recibieron confirmación de los primeros casos de transmisión autóctona de chikunguña en América. Esta enfermedad puede cursar de forma aguda, subaguda y crónica, afectando a todos los grupos de edad. Después de un periodo de incubación de tres a siete días, el paciente generalmente padece fiebre elevada (superior a 39 oC), artralgias, lumbalgia, cefalea, náusea, vómito, poliartritis, erupción cutánea y conjuntivitis (fase aguda de tres a 10 días). La mayoría de los pacientes se recuperan totalmente, pero la afectación articular puede persistir de manera crónica, ocasionar discapacidad y afectar la calidad de vida. Las complicaciones graves no son frecuentes, pero se debe tener especial atención en grupos vulnerables (adultos mayores, niños y embarazadas). Hasta el momento, no existe un tratamiento antiviral específico, por lo que es prioritario otorgar tratamiento sintomático y de soporte para la fase aguda, así como identificar las formas atípicas y graves e implementar las medidas de prevención y control efectivas. Dadas las condiciones ecoepidemiológicas y la distribución de los vectores en América, la diseminación del virus a otros países es probable, por lo que los profesionales de la salud deben identificar los factores de riesgo y las manifestaciones clínicas, para la prevención oportuna y el tratamiento efectivo y seguro de esta enfermedad.

Natural polymorphisms and unusual mutations in HIV-1 protease with potential antiretroviral resistance: a bioinformatic analysis.

BACKGROUND: The correlations of genotypic and phenotypic tests with treatment, clinical history and the significance of mutations in viruses of HIV-infected patients are used to establish resistance mutations to protease inhibitors (PIs). Emerging mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease confer resistance to PIs by inducing structural changes at the ligand interaction site. The aim of this study was to establish an in silico structural relationship between natural HIV-1 polymorphisms and unusual HIV-1 mutations that confer resistance to PIs. RESULTS: Protease sequences isolated from 151 Mexican HIV-1 patients that were naïve to, or subjected to antiretroviral therapy, were examined. We identified 41 unrelated resistance mutations with a prevalence greater than 1%. Among these mutations, nine exhibited positive selection, three were natural polymorphisms (L63S/V/H) in a codon associated with drug resistance, and six were unusual mutations (L5F, D29V, L63R/G, P79L and T91V). The D29V mutation, with a prevalence of 1.32% in the studied population, was only found in patients treated with antiretroviral drugs. Using in silico modelling, we observed that D29V formed unstable protease complexes when were docked with lopinavir, saquinavir, darunavir, tipranavir, indinavir and atazanavir. CONCLUSIONS: The structural correlation of natural polymorphisms and unusual mutations with drug resistance is useful for the identification of HIV-1 variants with potential resistance to PIs. The D29V mutation likely confers a selection advantage in viruses; however, in silico, presence of this mutation results in unstable enzyme/PI complexes, that possibly induce resistance to PIs.

[Clinical practice guideline. Diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia.] / Guía de práctica clínica. Diagnóstico y tratamiento de las dislipidemias.

Non-communicable diseases are a public health problem in México. Coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus are the first and second cause of death in the country, followed by thrombotic cerebrovascular events. Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death; one primary risk factor is hypercholesterolemia. The detection and treatment of lipid abnormalities is the key to the prevention and management of chronic non-communicable diseases. Two nationally representative surveys have shown that lipid abnormalities are the most common risk factors in Mexican adults. The purpose of this guide is to provide a basis for identifying dyslipidemia in a timely manner, and to systematize the criteria for diagnosis and treatment in the first and second level of care.

Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles son un problema de salud pública en México; entre ellas, la enfermedad coronaria y la diabetes son la primera y la segunda causa de muerte en el país, seguidas de los eventos vasculares cerebrales embólicos. Entre los principales factores de riesgo se encuentra la hipercolesterolemia. La detección y el tratamiento de las alteraciones de los lípidos son clave para la prevención y manejo de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Dos encuestas nacionales representativas han mostrado que las anormalidades de los lípidos son los factores de riesgo más comunes en los adultos mexicanos. El propósito de esta guía es servir de base para identificar de manera oportuna las dislipidemias, además de sistematizar los criterios para el diagnóstico y tratamiento en el primer y segundo nivel de atención.

[Clinical guideline for diagnosis and treatment of the thromboembolic venous disease]. / Guía de práctica clínica. Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a guideline on thrombosis in order to standardize the protocol of management, as a strategy for reducing the morbidity and mortality. METHODS: Clinical questions were formulated and structured. Standardized sequence was established to search for practice guidelines from the clinical questions raised on diagnosis and treatment of venous thrombosis. The working group selected clinical practice guidelines. We choose seven guidelines with the best recommendations. For recommendations not included in the referenced guides the search process was conducted in PubMed and Cochrane Library. The results were expressed as levels of evidence and grade of recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: Risk criteria and the correct diagnosis can be established to choose thromboprophylaxis strategy. This guide is a compilation and an analysis of international guidelines, that meta-analysis and review articles on thrombosis that makes available to medical staff recommendations based on evidence to make decisions, standardized diagnostic and treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with venous thrombosis.

Survey on physicians' knowledge and attitudes towards clinical practice guidelines at the Mexican Institute of Social Security.

OBJECTIVE: A survey was organized to determine the general level of knowledge and attitudes of medical personnel towards clinical practice guidelines (CPG). METHODS: A questionnaire modified from two validated instruments was used. Multi-stratified sampling was applied, and 1782 questionnaires were completed. RESULTS: A total of 80.4% of physicians had regular employment contract, 8.6% managerial post and 9.3% temporary work contract. Average age and working time were 43.7 and 15 years respectively; 64.3% were male. It was reported that 47.9% participated in academic activities, 70.8% belonged to a medical association, 40.3% identified CPG as steps towards arriving at a diagnosis and/or treatment and 14.9% thought that CPG were norms. A total of 10.7% of the physicians believed that guidelines are based on scientific evidence, 10% perceived them as supporting tools, 10.8% had no knowledge of them, 65% said that they used them, 76.7% thought that personal experience was as important as CPG recommendations and 57.4% thought that CPG were necessary for good medical practice. Physicians preferred that CPG be produced by personnel from outside the Mexican Institute of Social Security, or who had followed validity criteria. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of physicians considered CPG to be useful tools. It was evident that few knew where to acquire CPG, and this would lead to their limited use. Findings from this study enabled procuring a broader idea of the level of knowledge and attitudes of Mexican Institute of Social Security physicians towards CPG. This information is relevant when planning strategies for the purpose of sharing and implementing CPG.

[The clinical guidelines of practice project at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social]. / Proyecto para el desarrollo de guías de práctica clínica en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.

The advance in the knowledge and technology is growing quickly and greater quantity, so it is difficult for the health professional to access to whole information that is generated every day on diagnostic and therapeutic strategies more effective, so the clinic practice guidelines (CPG) is a resource to support the updating of the health professional and support them in making clinical decisions. The CPG is also a better support to the manager of health services in making decisions regarding the strategies that have performed for the patient and less risk to the individual and collective health. They also support the response capacity of the medical units and hospitals and guide the planning of services to the optimization of the resources. This paper summarizes the methodology of a national project for the development of GPC coordinated by the Mexican Social Security Institute with the collaboration of more than 1200 health professionals of the institution in a great effort institutional update and make information accessible to the entire health sector, which also defines the steps to upgrade and maintain the updating of knowledge and technology expressed in them.

[The clinical guidelines as a potential tool to improving health care quality]. / El potencial de las guías de práctica clínica para mejorar la calidad de la atención.

There is an increasing demand to ensure quality in the providing and receiving health care. Health care services face different challenges, such as: a growing aging population, increasing care costs, variations in clinical practice, and a fasting increase in the generation of information on diagnostic methods and therapies. In this context, a wave of development and use of clinical guidelines (CGL) based on scientific evidence has emerged worldwide, with the aim to creating tools to promote clinical excellence in practice. Our country and the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), with its experience in developing CGL has joined this trend as a main project. It is beneficial for IMSS health professionals and their patients. The aim of this paper is to present general information on definitions, structure, quality standards, development proceedings, updating, and potential advantages and disadvantages by using CGL. To achieve the expectations of a positive impact on quality and the health care budget distribution, health care personnel must be open to and receptive to the CGL recommendations and be flexible in changing their clinical practice.