ABSTRACT
The natural history of bronchogenic carcinoma shows that 42% of patients are diagnosed with cancer-related neurological complications either at initial presentation or at follow-up that can be separated in 3 different categories: - locoregional involvement of cervicothoracic nerves (recurrent laryngeal nerves, phrenic and vagus nerves, brachial plexus and sympathetic cervical chains), - metastatic disease characterized by intracranial lesions (brain, meningeal, ependymal and pituitary metastases) and spinal (extradural, subarachnoid and medullary metastases) lesions, - paraneoplastic syndromes including limbic encephalitis, Lambert-Eaton syndrome and paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. These neurological disorders usually are associated with advanced cancer for which radical surgical management seldom is indicated. All imaging studies performed at the time of initial staging for bronchogenic carcinoma should therefore be carefully reviewed in order to detect signs that could suggest the presence of one or several neurological complications. The goals of this paper are to describe the clinical signs and to illustrate the imaging features of neurological complications related to bronchogenic carcinoma at conventional radiography, CT and MRI.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic/diagnosis , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Nervous System Neoplasms/diagnosis , Carcinoma, Bronchogenic/secondary , Central Nervous System Neoplasms/diagnosis , Central Nervous System Neoplasms/secondary , Cranial Nerve Neoplasms/diagnosis , Cranial Nerve Neoplasms/secondary , Humans , Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome/diagnosis , Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome/etiology , Limbic Encephalitis/diagnosis , Limbic Encephalitis/etiology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Neoplasm Staging , Nervous System Neoplasms/secondary , Neuroradiography , Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Nervous System/diagnosis , Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Nervous System/etiology , Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms/diagnosis , Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms/secondary , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous sclerotherapy for the treatment of venous malformations (VMs) with regards to cosmetic and functional outcome as a function of their size and to review the complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was performed between January 1997 and January 2002 on 68 patients (45 females and 23 males) ranging in age from 3 to 60 Years at the CHRU of Tours. RESULTS: Percutaneous sclerotherapy was a very effective treatment for small and medium-size VMs, for which the aim was to achieve cure. Aetoxisclerol and Ethibloc are the sclerosing agents used. They were associated with minimal side effects and no major complication. For larger lesions, the treatment was more complex and combined stronger and also more dangerous agents like absolute ethanol and Histoacryl. The aim was then a decrease of cosmetic and functional problems. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous sclerotherapy with Aetoxisclerol, Ethibloc, absolute ethanol or Histoacryl, either alone or before surgery, is a safe and effective method of managing soft-tIssue venous malformations.
