ABSTRACT
Tentative identification of secondary metabolites in Lantana camara L. leaves was done. This plant belongs to the verbenaceae family and is used for several treatments in folk medicine. The data was acquired by collecting leaves and their stems of L. camara manually, in Nampula city, during the flowering period around 4pm. Then, the plant material collected was washed with water to remove impurities, and it was covered by paper and dried in the sun for a week. After the drying process, it was crushed and sieved, and 200 g of homogeneous powder was obtained. The method of preparation of the leaf extract of L. camara was cold maceration, mixing 200 g of powder leaves with 2 L of 90 % ethanol, in the proportion of 1 g/10 mL, and it was stored in favourable conditions and stirred occasionally during a week. Then it was filtrated and divided into two parts so as to be dried in an oven at 80 °C for 8 h and another part was dried in a rotary evaporator at 42 °C for 6 h. Before drying the ethanolic extract, the yield of the dry extract was determined. The class of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenolic compounds and quinone were identified using general and specific chemical reagents. In addition, antibacterial action against Escherichia coli and Staphylococus aureus was evaluated using a disc diffusion method, according to Kirby-Bauer. These data provide helpful leads for pharmacological intervention from the extraction of the raw form of the metabolites, which is responsible for the antibacterial action specifically for the eradication of multidrug-resistant bacteria.
ABSTRACT
As condições higiênico-sanitárias precárias que caracterizam os açougues de Moçambique contribuem para a contaminação de carnes, constituindo um atentado à saúde dos consumidores. Este estudo visou realizar uma análise microbiológica da carne bovina comercializada nos açougues da cidade de Nampula, Moçambique. Foram analisadas, sob padrões laboratoriais ISO, a carne bovina fresca e as zaragatoas de sete açougues licenciados. A análise revelou que 100% das amostras de todos os açougues foram contaminadas por bactérias aeróbias mesófilas, porém, no limite aceitável de contaminação. Cinco açougues apresentaram valores superiores a 1,5 × 106 UFC/g de contaminação. Para Staphylococcus aureus, todas as amostras apresentaram valores superiores a 100 UFC/g; para Escherichia coli, quatro amostras apresentaram valores acima dos limites aceitáveis; e 71% das amostras foram contaminadas por Salmonella spp. Quanto aos utensílios e equipamentos, houve contaminação em 14% das amostras. Assim, recomenda-se a implementação de boas práticas de manipulação de carne nos açougues da cidade de Nampula, de modo a promover a obtenção de carne de qualidade pelos consumidores.
The precarious hygienic-sanitary conditions that characterize the butcheries in Mozambique, contribute to the contamination of meat, which can jeopardize the health of consumers. This study aimed to perform a microbiological analysis of the bovine meat sold in the butcheries of Nampula city, Mozambique. We analyzed, under ISO laboratory standards, bovine meat and swabs from seven licensed butcheries. The analysis revealed that 100% of the samples were contaminated by mesophilic aerobic bacteria; however, the contamination remained within the acceptable range. Five butcheries presented values over 1.5 × 106 CFU/g of contamination. For Staphylococcus aureus, all samples presented values higher than 100 CFU/g; for Escherichia coli, four samples were showed values over the acceptable range; and 71% of the samples were contaminated by Salmonella spp. Regarding utensils and equipment, 14% of the samples were contaminated. Thus, we recommend implementing good meat handling practices in butcheries of Nampula city to promote the obtention of quality meat by consumers.
Las precarias condiciones higiénicas y sanitarias que caracterizan a las carnicerías en Mozambique contribuyen a la promoción de la contaminación de la carne, constituyendo un ataque a la salud de los consumidores. Este estudio tuvo el objetivo de realizar análisis microbiológico de carne vacuna vendida en carnicerías de la ciudad de Nampula, Mozambique. Se analizó, bajo patrones de laboratorio ISO, carne vacuna fresca e hisopos de siete carnicerías. El análisis reveló que el 100% de las muestras estaban contaminadas por bacterias aerobias mesófilas en todas las carnicerías, pero dentro del límite aceptable de contaminación. Cinco carnicerías presentaron valores superiores a 1,5 × 106 UFC/g de contaminación. Para Staphylococcus aureus, todas las muestras presentaron valores superiores a 100 UFC/g; para Escherichia coli, cuatro muestras presentaron valores por encima de los límites aceptables; mientras que el 71% de las muestras estaban contaminadas por Salmonella spp. En las muestras de utensilios y equipos hubo contaminación en un 14%. Por lo que se recomienda implementar buenas prácticas de manejo de carne en las carnicerías de la ciudad de Nampula, con el fin de promover la adquisición de carne de calidad para los consumidores.
Subject(s)
Food Contamination , Sanitary Profiles , Red Meat , Foodborne DiseasesABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To describe the strategies used to design and implement three postgraduate programs at Lúrio University (UniLúrio), a resource-limited setting, in northern Mozambique. METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal, descriptive case study from 2011 to 2018 in two phases: 1) needs assessment (2011-2012), 2) implementation strategies (2013-2018), taking into account innovations whenever necessary. RESULTS: Several obstacles and barriers to the establishment of postgraduate programs were identified. These included a lack of a core curricula aimed at postgraduate programs, shortage of human resources for teaching and mentorship, limited teaching and research infrastructures, limited financial resources, and lack of administrative capacity. With the support of the Medical Education Partnership Initiative (MEPI), three Master degree programs were designed and implemented. During the period of 2013-2018, UniLúrio enrolled 202 students, distributed as follows: Master degree in Tropical Medicine and Global Health (55), Master degree in Health Professional Education (99), and Master degree in Nutrition and Food Security (48). Of those, 152 (75.2%) obtained a Postgraduate Diploma as they did not present a master dissertation, 89 (44.0%) obtained their Master degree, 30 (14.8%) dropped out, and 20 (9.9%) are awaiting decision. UniLurio's staff trained a Master's degree or a Postgraduate Diploma in 34 (16.8%) and 15 (7.4%), respectively. Our strategies allowed us to improve research capacity building, and set the basis for long-term sustainability by allowing for the establishment of other postgraduate programs, and offered UniLurio a strong role in its internationalization. CONCLUSION: By sharing multiple resources, long-lasting partnerships were established with multiple institutions, and competency-based training and postgraduate studies management were developed. Research and eLearning were leveraged, retention and faculty development was enhanced, and some inequalities within the country were reduced. These strategies and innovations can be applied to other resource-limited settings, allowing the scaleup of health professional's training and research capacity building.
