Not first-line antihypertensive agents, but still effective-The efficacy and safety of imidazoline receptor agonists: A network meta-analysis.

Cardiovascular disorders are the leading cause of death in the world. Many organ diseases (kidney, heart, and brain) are substantially more prone to develop in people with hypertension. In the treatment of hypertension, first-line medications are recommended, while imidazoline receptor agonists are not first-line antihypertensives. Our goal was to conduct a network meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and safety of imidazoline receptor agonists. The meta-analysis was performed following the PRISMA guidelines using the PICOS format, considering the CONSORT recommendations. Studies were collected from four databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase. A total of 5960 articles were found. After filtering, 27 studies remained eligible for network meta-analysis. Moxonidine reduced blood pressure in sitting position statistically significantly after 8 weeks of treatment (SBP MD: 23.80; 95% CI: 17.45-30.15; DBP MD: 10.90; 95% CI: 8.45-13.35) compared to placebo. Moreover, moxonidine reduced blood pressure more effectively than enalapril; however, this difference was not significant (SBP MD: 3.10; 95% CI: -2.60-8.80; DBP MD: 1.30; 95% CI: -1.25-3.85). Dry mouth was experienced as a side effect in the case of all imidazoline receptor agonists. After 8 weeks of treatment, the appearance of dry mouth was highest with clonidine (OR: 9.27 95% CI: 4.70-18.29) and lowest with rilmenidine (OR: 6.46 95% CI: 0.85-49.13) compared to placebo. Somnolence was less frequent with moxonidine compared to rilmenidine (OR: 0.63 95% CI: 0.17-2.31). Imidazoline receptor agonists were nearly as effective as the first-line drugs in the examined studies. However, their utility as antihypertensives is limited due to their side effects. As a result, they are not first-line antihypertensives and should not be used in monotherapy. However, in the case of resistant hypertension, they are a viable option. According to our findings, from the point of view of safety and efficacy, moxonidine appears to be the best choice among imidazoline receptor agonists.

Evaluation of medication safety assessment tools for pharmacist-led medication reviews: the Eastern European pilot project.

Background: Pharmacist-led medication reviews (MR) are one of the key methods to support medication safety in polypharmacy patients. The aims of this study were to pilot MRs in Eastern European community pharmacies, describe medication use in polypharmacy patients, and evaluate the usability of medication safety assessment tools. Methods: The MR pilot was undertaken in Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria. Patients who used at least five medicines were directed to the service by their GPs. Data on drug-related problems (DRPs) and adherence were collected by pharmacists through structured patient interviews. Databases for identification of potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) named Inxbase/Riskbase, as well as an integrated tool comprising potentially inappropriate medicines (PIMs) lists EU(7)-PIM and EURO-FORTA, were applied retroactively to the MR pilot data to investigate possibilities for their use and to describe medication use and potential risks in the study population. Results: A total of 318 patients were included in the study, 250 of them elderly (≥65 years). One hundred and eighty (56.6%) participants had a total of 504 pDDIs based on Inxbase analysis. On average, there were 1.6 pDDIs per participant. Twenty-five (5.0%) of the 504 pDDIs were in a high-risk category. A total of 279 (87.7%) participants had a potential ADR in at least one of 10 Riskbase categories. One hundred and fifty-four (20.8%) of the potential ADRs were in a high-risk category. Twenty-seven pDDIs and 68 ADRs documented as DRPs during the service were not included in the databases. Using the integrated EU(7)-PIM/EURO-FORTA PIM list, a total of 816 PIMs were found in 240 (96%) of the 250 elderly participants (on average 3.4 PIMs per elderly participant). Seventy-one (29.6%) of the participants were using high-risk PIMs. Twenty-one percent of high-risk PIMs and 13.8% of medium-risk PIMs were documented as DRPs by the pharmacists during the pilot. Conclusion: Medication safety assessment tools can be useful in guiding decision-making during MRs; however, these tools cannot replace patient interviews and monitoring. Tools that include a thorough explanation of the potential risks and are easy to use are more beneficial for MRs.

[Deprescribing: an essential part of rational pharmacotherapy]. / Gyógyszerrosta: a racionális gyógyszeres terápia meghatározó eleme.

Deprescribing is a planned, systematic process supervised by a healthcare professional. It is considered to be a fundamental part of good prescribing. Deprescribing can be defined as the complete withdrawal of medications as well as dose reduction. The patient's health status, life expectancy, values, preferences and the therapeutic goals should be given serious consideration while planning the deprescribing process. The main objective of deprescribing may vary but reaching the patients' goals and improving their quality of life remain constant priorities. In our article, based on the international literature, we review potential deprescribing targets such as the characteristics of high-risk patients, medications that should prompt a therapy review and the ideal settings for deprescribing. We also cover the steps, risks and benefits of the process, and discuss the existing specific guidelines and algorithms. We provide information on the enablers and barriers of deprescribing among both patients and healthcare professionals, and discuss international initiatives as well as the future of deprescribing. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(24): 931-941.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Ambulatory Care Antibiotic Use in Hungary: A Population-Based Observational Study.

The COVID-19 pandemic and related restrictions have potentially impacted the use of antibiotics. We aimed to analyze the use of systemic antibiotics (J01) in ambulatory care in Hungary during two pandemic years, to compare it with pre-COVID levels (January 2015-December 2019), and to describe trends based on monthly utilization. Our main findings were that during the studied COVID-19 pandemic period, compared to the pre-COVID level, an impressive 23.22% decrease in the use of systemic antibiotics was detected in ambulatory care. A significant reduction was shown in the use of several antibacterial subgroups, such as beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins (J01C, -26.3%), and quinolones (J01M, -36.5%). The trends of antibiotic use moved in parallel with the introduction or revoking of restriction measures with a nadir in May 2020, which corresponded to a 55.46% decrease in use compared to the previous (pre-COVID) year's monthly means. In general, the systemic antibiotic use (J01) was lower compared to the pre-COVID periods' monthly means in almost every studied pandemic month, except for three months from September to November in 2021. The seasonal variation of antibiotic use also diminished. Active agent level analysis revealed an excessive use of azithromycin, even after evidence of ineffectiveness for COVID-19 emerged.

Trends in opioid utilization in Hungary, 2006-2020: A nationwide retrospective study with multiple metrics.

BACKGROUND: Opioid use is well documented in several countries: some countries struggle with overuse, whereas others have almost no access to opioids. For Europe, limited data are available. This study analysed Hungarian opioid utilization in ambulatory care between 2006 and 2020. METHODS: We obtained national drug utilization data on reimbursed opioid analgesics (ATC code: N02A) from a national health insurance database for a 15-year period. We investigated utilization trends, using three volume-based metrics [defined daily dose per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID), oral morphine equivalent per 1000 inhabitants per day, packages dispensed per 1000 inhabitants per year]. We stratified data based on administration routes, analgesic potency and reimbursement categories. RESULTS: Total opioid utilization increased during the study period according to all three metrics (74% in DID) and reached 5.31 DID by 2020. Upward trends were driven by an increase both in weak and strong opioid use (79% vs. 53%). The most commonly used opioids were fentanyl (in the strong category; 0.76 DID in 2020) and tramadol (in the weak category; 2.62 DID in 2020). Overall, tramadol was also the most commonly used opioid throughout the study period. Oral administration of opioid medications was dominant. Based on reimbursement categories, musculoskeletal pain was becoming a more frequent indication for opioid use (1552% increase in DID), while opioid use for cancer pain declined significantly during the study period (-33% in DID). CONCLUSIONS: Our low utilization numbers might indicate underuse of opioid analgesia, especially for cancer pain. SIGNIFICANCE: This study was one of the recent opioid utilization studies using three volume-based metrics, covering a long time period. To our knowledge, this was also the first national, population level study describing opioid utilization in Hungary. National opioid utilization data suggested not an overuse but rather an underuse of opioid analgesics in a developed, Central European country.

Prescribing Patterns and Variations of Antibiotic Use for Children in Ambulatory Care: A Nationwide Study.

The aim of this study was to analyse characteristics of paediatric antibiotic use in ambulatory care in Hungary. Data on antibiotics for systemic use dispensed to children (0-19 years) were retrieved from the National Health Insurance Fund. Prescribers were categorised by age and specialty. Antibiotic use was expressed as the number of prescriptions/100 children/year or month. For quality assessment, the broad per narrow (B/N) ratio was calculated as defined by the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC) network. Paediatric antibiotic exposure was 108.28 antibiotic prescriptions/100 children/year and was the highest in the age group 0-4 years. Sex differences had heterogenous patterns across age groups. The majority of prescriptions were issued by primary care paediatricians (PCP). The use of broad-spectrum agents dominated, co-amoxiclav alone being responsible for almost one-third of paediatric antibiotic use. Elderly physicians tended to prescribe less broad-spectrum agents. Seasonal variation was found to be substantial: antibiotic prescribing peaked in January with 16.6 prescriptions/100 children/month, while it was the lowest in July with 4 prescriptions/100 children/month. Regional variation was prominent with an increasing west to east gradient (max: 175.6, min: 63.8 prescriptions/100 children/year). The identified characteristics of paediatric antibiotic use suggest that prescribing practice should be improved.

The characteristics and trends of Hungarian outpatient antibiotic use (2010­2019) / Az antibiotikum ambuláns alkalmazásának jellemzoi és tendenciái Magyarországon (2010-2019).

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: Az antibiotikumok észszeru alkalmazása kulcsfontosságú a hatékonyságuk megorzésében és a néhol kritikus méreteket ölto antibiotikumrezisztencia visszaszorításában. Célkituzés: A hazai ambuláns antibiotikumfelhasználás jellemzoinek, trendjeinek bemutatása. Módszer: A 2010 és 2019 közötti idoszakra vonatkozó, dobozszámban kifejezett ambuláns szisztémás antibiotikumfelhasználási adatokat - a WHO 2019. évi indexe alapján - "defined daily dose" (DDD - napi átlagdózis) egységbe konvertáltuk. Standardizált technikai egységünk a DDD/1000 fo/nap volt (DID). Az antibiotikumfelhasználás értékelésére nemzetközileg elfogadott minoségi indikátorokat alkalmaztunk. Eredmények: Az antibiotikumfelhasználás mértéke kismértéku ingadozást mutatott (min.: 12,9 DID, max.: 14,7 DID), viszont a szezonális ingadozás a teljes megfigyelt idoszakban jelentos mértéku volt. A széles versus szuk spektrumú béta-laktámok és makrolidek felhasználási hányadosa évrol évre tovább emelkedett (2010: 13,3 vs. 2019: 71,6), a fluorokinolonok alkalmazási aránya továbbra is meghatározó (2010: 14,3%, 2019: 14,5%). A vizsgált 12 minoségi indikátor közül a tanulmány nyitó évében 4, a tanulmány záró évében 6 indikátor esetében a legkedvezotlenebbül teljesíto európai országok közé tartoztunk. Megbeszélés: A hazai antibiotikumalkalmazás mértéke európai mérce szerint nem magas, de csökkentésére látszik lehetoség; mintázata szuboptimális, és az évek során kedvezotlen irányba változott. Következtetés: A kapott antibiotikumfelhasználási adatok s azok értelmezése alapján rendkívül sürgeto morális kötelesség a szakmai és hatósági intervenciókra épülo hazai antibiotikumstratégia és -akcióterv mielobbi kidolgozása, implementálása. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(4): 140-149. INTRODUCTION: Prudent antibiotic use is an important tool to preserve their effectiveness as well as reverse and confine antibiotic resistance. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the trends and characteristics of Hungarian outpatient antibiotic use. METHODS: Crude, package level antibiotic sales data for the period 2010-2019 were converted into DDD (defined daily dose) and were standardized for 1000 inhabitants and per year (ATC-DDD index, version 2019). Internationally validated drug-specific quality indicators were used to evaluate antibiotic use. RESULTS: The scale of antibiotic use was stagnating with minimal fluctuation (min.: 12.9 DID, max.: 14.7 DID), and with high intra-year seasonality index. The ratio of the consumption of broad to narrow spectrum beta-lactams and macrolides increased gradually from year to year (2010: 13.3 vs. 2019: 71.6) and the relative consumption of fluoroquinolones is still remarkable (2010: 14.3%, 2019: 14.5%). Out of the twelve surveyed drug-specific quality indicators in the first and last year of analysis, we were ranked among the weakest European countries in the case of four and six indicators, respectively. DISCUSSION: The scale of Hungarian outpatient antibiotic use is not high, in European comperison, but has some reserve capacity for reduction. The pattern of Hungarian antibiotic use is suboptimal and had further decreased quality through the years. CONCLUSION: Based on the recorded data of antibiotic use and their interpretation, the development of national antibiotic strategy (including both professional and authority interventions) is a pressing moral obligation. Orv Hetil. 2021; 163(4): 140-149.

Factors Facilitating and Hindering Development of a Medication Use Review Service in Eastern Europe and Iran-Cross-Sectional Exploratory Study.

Polypharmacy is a common issue in patients with chronic diseases. Eastern-European countries and Iran are exploring possibilities for implementing the Medication Use Review (MUR) as a measure for optimizing medication use and ensuring medication safety in polypharmacy patients. The aim of this study was to gain insights into the development of the community pharmacy sector and map facilitators and barriers of MUR in Eastern Europe and Iran. The representatives of the framework countries received a questionnaire on community pharmacy sector indicators, current and future developments of pharmacies, and factors encouraging and hindering MUR. To answer the questionnaire, all representatives performed document analysis, literature review, and qualitative interviews with key stakeholders. The socio-ecological model was used for inductive thematic analysis of the identified factors. Current community pharmacist competencies in framework countries were more related to traditional pharmacy services. Main facilitators of MUR were increase in polypharmacy and pharmaceutical waste, and access to patients' electronic list of medications by pharmacists. Main barriers included the service being unfamiliar, lack of funding and private consultation areas. Pharmacists in the framework countries are well-placed to provide MUR, however, the service needs more introduction and barriers mostly on organizational and public policy levels must be addressed.

Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors in Hungary: Mixed-Method Study to Reveal Scale and Characteristics.

BACKGROUND: Due to their efficacy and tolerability, utilization of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) has significantly increased worldwide. Parallel to the clinical benefits, potential long-term side effects have been observed, which, along with increasing medical expenses and potential drug interactions, justifies the analysis of the trends of utilization. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to show the level, pattern, and characteristics of PPI use. METHODS: We assessed the nationwide use of proton pump inhibitors in ambulatory care based on aggregated utilization data from the National Health Insurance database. The annual PPI utilization was expressed as the number of packages and as number of DDDs per 1,000 inhabitants and per year. For 2018, we estimated PPI exposure as the number of packages and as the number of DDDs per user per year. The annual reimbursement costs of proton pump inhibitors were also calculated. Moreover, three patient-level surveys were carried out in non-gastroenterological inpatient hospital departments to reveal characteristics of proton pump inhibitor use, namely dose, duration, and indication. RESULTS: The PPI utilisation increased from 5867.8 thousand to 7124.9 thousand packages and from 41.9 to 50.4 DDD per 1,000 inhabitants and per day between 2014 and 2018. Nationwide data showed that 14% of the adult population was exposed to proton pump inhibitors in 2018, while among hospitalized patients, the prevalence of proton pump inhibitor use was between 44.5% and 54.1%. Pantoprazole was the most frequently used active ingredient, both in the nationwide data and in the patient-level surveys. In the patient-level survey in majority of patients (71.5%-80.0%) proton pump inhibitors were prescribed for prophylaxis. Many inpatients (29.4%-36.9%) used 80 mg pantoprazole per day. The average number of PPI packages per user was 6.5 in 2018 in the nationwide data. The duration of PPI therapy was typically between 1 and 5 years in the patient-level surveys and nearly 20% of the inpatients had been taking proton pump inhibitors for more than 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggests that Hungarian patients receive proton pump inhibitors in high doses and for a long time. Use of proton pump inhibitors beyond their recommended indications was also found.

Awareness campaigns of atrial fibrillation as an opportunity for early detection by pharmacists: an international cross-sectional study.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) accounts for up to one third of strokes, one of the lead mortality causes worldwide. The European Society of Cardiology guidelines recommend opportunistic screening as a means to increase the odds of early detection and institution of appropriate treatment according to risk factors identified. However, in most countries there are various barriers to effective uptake of screening, including low awareness. The Atrial Fibrillation Association is a patient association engaged with raising awareness of AF. Establishing a partnership with the International Pharmacists for Anticoagulation Care Taskforce, we set as goals to test a model for raising awareness of AF involving pharmacists globally; and to identify barriers and enablers to its implementation. A cross-sectional study was conducted during the Arrhythmia Alliance World Heart Rhythm Week. Pharmacists from 10 countries invited individuals (≥ 40 years; without anticoagulation therapy of AF) to participate in the awareness campaign. Participants agreeing were engaged in the early detection of AF (EDAF) using pulse palpation. Individuals with rhythm discrepancies were referred and prospectively assessed to have information on the proportion of confirmed diagnosis, leading to estimate the detection rate. Interviews with country coordinators explored barriers and enablers to implementation. The study involved 4193 participants in the awareness campaign and 2762 in the EDAF event (mean age 65.3 ± 13.0), of whom 46.2% individuals were asymptomatic, recruited across 120 sites. Most common CHA2DS2-VASc risk factor was hypertension. Among 161 patients referred to physician, feedback was obtained for 32 cases, of whom 12 new arrhythmia diagnoses were confirmed (5 for AF, 2 for atrial flutter), all among elders (≥ 65 years). Qualitative evaluation suggested a local champion to enable pharmacists' success; technology enhanced engagement amongst patients and increased pharmacists' confidence in referring to physicians; interprofessional relationship was crucial in success. This study suggests pharmacists can contribute to greater outreach of awareness campaigns. Effective communication pathways for inter-professional collaboration were suggested enablers to gain full benefits of EDAF.

Vitex agnus-castus in premenstrual syndrome: A meta-analysis of double-blind randomised controlled trials.

Although chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus, VAC) has been studied in several clinical trials and available as medicine for the alleviation of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms, the efficacy of properly characterised preparations has not been assessed in meta-analyses. The aim of our work was to evaluate the efficacy of VAC in PMS. The meta-analysis was performed following the PRISMA guidelines using the PICOS format, taking into account the CONSORT recommendations. PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Web of Science were searched for studies on VAC. The analysis assessed the efficacy of properly characterised products VAC compared to a placebo for the alleviation of PMS symptoms in terms of responder rate, considering the decrease of Total Symptom Score or PMS Diary score. The random effects model was used to calculate summary relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Only those randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials were included that fulfilled the criteria of the CONSORT recommendations aiming at the proper characterization of herbal products. Out of the 21 clinical trials, three studies (520 females) fulfilled the inclusion criteria, comparing the efficacy of special extracts Ze 440 and BNO 1095 to a placebo for the treatment of PMS. VAC preparations were confirmed to be effective in the reduction of PMS symptoms: women taking VAC were 2.57 (95% CI 1.52-4.35) times more likely to experience a remission in their symptoms compared to those taking the placebo. Although several clinical trials have been carried out with VAC, the majority of the studies cannot be used as evidence for efficacy due to incomplete reporting, especially concerning the description of the used medication. More trials following the CONSORT recommendations are needed to assess the efficacy of VAC extracts.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale): An alternative for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a distressing outcome related to surgeries. Traditionally, ginger has been used in the treatment of nausea and vomiting for thousands of years. Recently, several randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials (RCTs) have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of ginger in PONV. PURPOSE: To systematically evaluate the efficacy of ginger on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) compared to placebo, based on RCTs. STUDY DESIGN: The meta-analysis was reported following the PRISMA guidelines using the PICO format, and it was registered with the PROSPERO register. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Web of Science were searched for relevant studies. Human, placebo-controlled clinical studies of patients undergoing any types of surgery, receiving pharmacological doses of ginger per os were included. Only clinical trials with explicit description of the ginger preparation used were analysed. No language or publication year restrictions was applied. RESULTS: Ten randomized trials including a total of 918 patients were pooled for the statistical analysis. The present meta-analysis supports that ginger has a significant effect on the severity of PONV based on visual analogue scale (VAS) results: in a fixed effects model the pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) was -0.247 (favouring ginger; [LL]: -0.455, [UL]: -0.040, p-value: 0.019). Moreover, our results suggest that ginger reduces the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, as well antiemetic drug demand; however, these effects are not statistically significant compared to placebo, which may be explained by underdosing. CONCLUSIONS: According to our thorough meta-analysis ginger is safe and well tolerated, and decreases the severity of PONV, and may lower the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, which in turn may reduce antiemetic drug demand, suggesting that ginger may be a useful alternative to antiemetic medications to alleviate PONV.

Correction to: Pharmacists' confidence when providing pharmaceutical care on anticoagulants, a multinational survey.

In the original publication of this article, the article note has been missed and published online.

Pharmacists' confidence when providing pharmaceutical care on anticoagulants, a multinational survey.

Background Guidelines on the management of orally anticoagulated patients are continuously evolving, leading to an increased need for pharmacists to be fully integrated in care provision. Objective To identify self-reported gaps in confidence among practicing pharmacists in the area of anticoagulation. Setting Pharmacists in different work settings in different countries. Method Cross-sectional international survey from October 2015 till November 2016 among pharmacists working in different settings to assess their level of confidence when delivering anticoagulants as well as to identify possible educational needs regarding this medication class. Validation of the survey was ensured. Results Responses from 4212 pharmacists originating from 18 countries were obtained. Pharmacists' level of confidence was significantly higher (p < 0.001) when advising patients on vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) versus non-vitamin K antagonists (NOACs). In general, hospital pharmacists displayed higher confidence levels compared to community pharmacists when advising patients on anticoagulation (p < 0.001). Two distinct patterns of confidence levels emerged relating to basic and advanced pharmaceutical care. Confidence levels when providing advanced pharmaceutical care were significantly higher for Oceania and lower for South America (p < 0.005). Conclusions Pharmacists felt more confident in supporting patients receiving VKAs compared to the more recently introduced NOACs. With the increasing use of NOACs and the risks pertaining to anticoagulation therapy, it is essential to invest in education for pharmacists to address their knowledge gaps enabling them to confidently support patients receiving oral anticoagulants.

Patients' knowledge on oral anticoagulant treatment in Hungary.

Background A key element for an effective and safe oral anticoagulant treatment (OAT) is to have the relevant information delivered to patients in an easy-to-understand way and thus have them apply this knowledge in their own therapy. Objective To assess knowledge about OAT, reveal knowledge gaps and identify at-risk patients in terms of limited knowledge about their anticoagulant therapy. Setting Community pharmacies in Hungary. Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study used a structured, validated, self-developed questionnaire to assess patients' knowledge about OAT. Scores were calculated on each domain and the association between knowledge and patients' or treatment characteristics were analysed. Responses in all domains were assessed to identify at-risk patients and knowledge gaps. Main outcome measures Knowledge and knowledge gaps on OAT, and risk factors for limited knowledge. Results The questionnaire developed based on four validated questionnaires passed the field test and had a good internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.795). Our full patient population (N = 427) had a mean percentage score of 59.39 (29.7% good, 41.2% average, 29.0% poor knowledge on OAT). Poor knowledge level was found to significantly correlate with advanced age (> 75 years), lower education, diagnosis of atrial fibrillation, and unawareness of the indication of OAT. The lowest frequency of correct answers regarded the questions on drug interactions (10.2%) and diet (11.4%). Pharmacists were infrequently indicated as the healthcare professionals to share information with regarding OAT (12.7%). Conclusion Findings of our study offer a valuable insight into the required directions of developing new strategies for patient education to improve knowledge on the treatment with oral anticoagulants.

Knowledge and opinion of pharmacists on emergency contraceptive pills in Hungary.

Background Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) are used to prevent unintended pregnancy. There is a worldwide intention to improve access to ECPs; therefore, identifying potential barriers to introducing over-the counter (OTC) access is of utmost importance. As pharmacists are the key personnel to convey accurate drug information, their knowledge and attitude on ECPs is important. Objective We aimed to conduct a nationwide study to assess pharmacists' knowledge on ECPs and to survey their opinion on sales category change of ECPs (i.e. to introduce OTC access in pharmacies). Setting Registered pharmacists in Hungary. Method A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted with an anonymous, web-based questionnaire. Univariate analysis (Mann-Whitney U test and Fischer's exact test) was used to identify factors associated with supportive opinion toward OTC provision. Main outcome measure Knowledge level of pharmacists, proportion of pharmacists with supportive opinion on OTC access. Results 357 out of 2019 pharmacists completed the questionnaire, yielding a 17.7% response rate. Almost 30% of pharmacists (N = 99) agreed that ECPs should have an OTC availability in Hungary. More than 40% of pharmacists (N = 145) considered ECPs as contraceptives. On average, 55.18% (standard deviation: ±12.40%) of the answers were correct, showing moderate knowledge of the pharmacists. Age and rating ECPs as contraceptives were significantly associated with supportive opinion toward OTC provision (p < 0.001). The effect of knowledge on the pharmacist's opinion was significant in young pharmacists (p = 0.02). Conclusion Pharmacists' knowledge and opinion on ECPs should be improved, especially that of the young ones. Currently the attitude of pharmacists does not favor sales category changes of ECPs in Hungary.

[Antibiotic use in the Hungarian hospitals in the last two decades (1996-2015)]. / Hazai kórházi antibiotikum-alkalmazás az elmúlt két évtizedben (1996­2015).

INTRODUCTION: Growing bacterial resistance threatens public health, which can be tempered by prudent antibiotic use. AIM: To quantify systemic antibacterial use in Hungarian hospitals. METHOD: Consumption data were analysed using the Anatomical-Therapeutic-Chemical - Defined Daily Dose (ATC/DDD) methodology. Data were standardized for patient turnover and also for population to enable international benchmarking. RESULTS: Hospital antibiotic use was quite constant (22.4 ± 1.5 DDD/100 patient-days), but its composition changed substantially. The use of parenteral products rose gradually (in 1996 26.4% and in 2015 41.6%). The pattern of use was homogenised due to the headway of co-amoxiclav use. A substantial increase of fluoroquinolone (2.3 vs. 4.2 DDD/100 patient-days) and third generation cephalosporin (1.0 vs. 2.9 DDD/100 patient-days) use was detected. In parallel the use of narrow spectra penicillins diminished. CONCLUSION: Hungarian hospital antibiotic use is low. The causes and the justification of this low use together with the internationally outstanding use of certain antibacterials should be addressed in future studies. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(46), 1839-1846.

Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults: Analysis of the National Dispensing Database.

Crude national ambulatory antibiotic dispensing data (2007-2011) of adult patients (aged between 20 and below 65 years) with CAP were obtained and expressed as DDD per 1000 inhabitants and per day (DID). European quality indicators of antibiotic prescribing were calculated and adherence rate to the national CAP guideline was assessed. Antibiotic use for CAP in adults ranged between 0.27 and 0.30 DID in various years. The most frequently used antibacterials were levofloxacin, co-amoxiclav and clarithromycin. Antibiotic use in CAP was compliant with the European recommendations in 6.4% in 2007, which decreased to 4.9% by 2011, in contrast to the optimal compliant range of 80-100%. The consumption of fluoroquinolones mounted up to ~40% in both genders, which exceeded the recommended range (0-5%) substantially. National guideline also favoured the use of macrolides in the empiric therapy of CAP in otherwise healthy adults; hence, guideline-concordant antibiotic use ranged between 24.0-32.3%. Agents that were contra-indicated in the empiric therapy of CAP were also used in 6.5-9.0% in various years. These data reflect some worrisome figures and trends in the outpatient antibiotic treatment of adults with CAP. Clarified and updated national guidelines focusing on outpatients and incentives/regulations to increase guideline concordance are warranted.

Dosage Form Data Used for Estimating Pediatric Antibiotic Use.

We aimed to report a simple estimation method to enable quantification of pediatric antibiotic exposure in large aggregated datasets. Secondly, we aimed to quantify and benchmark Hungarian pediatric antibiotic use. First we intended to examine whether a correlation existed between dosage form data and the patient's age. Therefore, issued prescriptions were analyzed in pharmacies. As a correlation was found between the share of liquid oral antibacterial products and the rate of pediatric antibiotic prescriptions (R=0.884; p<0.001), we extrapolated this finding to a large aggregated dataset and estimated that 34.6% of prescriptions were issued for pediatric cases (95% confidence interval: 19.7-60.0). Taking into account the demography of the population, children were exposed to antibiotics three times more often than adults with a corresponding annual prescription rate of 2.6. We demonstrated that simple drug-related data can be linked to a patient-related measure as we found strong associations between dosage form data and patients' age. Based on this association, massive pediatric antibiotic exposure was found. Due to the general availability of dosage form data and the ease of the estimation method, the reported concept can be used to quantify pediatric antibiotic use in large aggregated datasets or when age stratification is absent.

[Treatment practice of acute cystitis on the basis of national prescription data]. / Az akut cystitis kezelésének hazai gyakorlata országos vényforgalmi adatok alapján.

INTRODUCTION: Urinary tract infections are one of the common diseases in the primary health care. AIM: To analyse patterns of ambulatory antibiotic use in acute cystitis. METHOD: Antibiotic use data was based on national-level prescription turnovers. Patterns of antibiotic use were evaluated by prescribing quality indicators. The content of different national guidelines for treatment of acute cystitis and adherence to these guidelines were also evaluated. RESULTS: For the treatment of acute cystitis quinolones were used predominantly. Norfloxacin (26%) and ciprofloxacin (19%) were prescribed most commonly. The use of internationally recommended agents such as sulphonamides, nitrofurans and fosfomycin shared 15%, 7% and 2%, respectively. The average adherence rate to national guidelines was 66% and certain weak points (e.g. controversial content) of the national guidelines were also identified. CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic use in acute cystitis seems to be suboptimal in Hungary. Considering actual local antibiotic resistance patterns, a new national guideline should be worked out for acute cystitis treatment.