ABSTRACT
This study focused on the effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide on activity of the neuron enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AchE), in the tadpole stage (stage 35-39) of the East Asian Bullfrog, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus. There were 4 herbicide concentration treatments consisting of glyphosate-based herbicide added at 21, 24, 27 and 30 microl to 1L de-chlorinated water in glass containers (10x15x20 cm). There were 4 replicates per treatment, each replicate using 20 tadpoles. The toxicity results were compared with tadpoles in distilled water as a control treatment. After 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours exposure to glyphosate-based herbicide concentrations, LC50 values of 25.21, 24.66, 24.16 and 23.63 microl/L, respectively, were recorded. AChE activities decreased significantly and markedly with herbicide concentration. Such inhibition of AChE activity by this glyphosate-based herbicide indicates the potential of such herbicides to disrupt ecological communities in water near where the herbicides are applied.
Subject(s)
Cholinesterase Inhibitors/toxicity , Glycine/analogs & derivatives , Herbicides/toxicity , Rana catesbeiana/metabolism , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , Animals , Drug Administration Schedule , Glycine/administration & dosage , Glycine/toxicity , Herbicides/administration & dosage , Larva/enzymology , Larva/metabolism , Water Pollutants, Chemical/administration & dosage , GlyphosateABSTRACT
The molluscicidal activity of crude extracts from five highly potential plants, Annona squamosa seed, Nerium indicum Leaves, Stemona tuberose root, Cyperus rotundus corm and Derris elliptica root was assessed to Pomacea canaliculata. D. elliptica root and C. rotundus corm extracts showed the highest toxicity against 3-month old snails which have LC50 as 23.68 +/- 2.96 mg/l and 133.20 +/- 7.94 mg/l, respectively. The C. rotundus corm extracts were chosen for detoxification enzyme in vivo assay which shows esterase and glutathione S-transferase activity in stomach, intestinal tracts and digestive glands of survival treated P. canaliculata were inhibited.
Subject(s)
Insecticides/toxicity , Molluscacides/toxicity , Plant Extracts/toxicity , Snails/drug effects , Animals , Cyperus/toxicity , Derris/toxicity , Esterases/toxicity , Gastrointestinal Tract/drug effects , Glutathione Transferase/toxicity , Lethal Dose 50 , Magnoliopsida/toxicity , Toxicity TestsABSTRACT
This research was elucidated the toxicity and detoxification enzyme mechanism of botanical insecticide (Thai derris extract; Derris eliptica Benth) and synthetic insecticide (cypermethrin) in Tropical armyworm (Spodoptera litura F.) by larvae dipping method. Derris is extraction by Soxhlet's apparatus with ethanol solvent. Toxicity in terms of LC50 value against 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instar larvae indicated that the toxicity of derris extract ca. 3.79, 9.51, 37.63, 94.49 and 158.37 and cypermethrin ca. 2.08, 2.92, 9.90, 11.16 and 18.41 ppm at 72 hours, respectively. The in vivo study revealed that both insecticides induced three enzymes activity. The cypermethrin was elevated esterase and acetylcholinesterase enzyme activities more than derris extract ca. 0.23 fold and 0.05 fold, respectively. While the crude extract tendency induced the glutathione-S-transferase enzyme activities more than cypermethrin ca. 0.04 fold. This result showed that, derris extract had efficacy like synthetic insecticide, therefore it had a possibility to be another insecticide alternative in S. litura control. Moreover, some separate experiments indicated that this extract was safe to human and environment.
Subject(s)
Derris/chemistry , Insecticides/toxicity , Pest Control, Biological/methods , Plant Extracts/toxicity , Pyrethrins/toxicity , Spodoptera , Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism , Animals , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Esterases/metabolism , Glutathione Transferase/metabolism , Spodoptera/drug effects , Spodoptera/enzymology , Spodoptera/growth & development , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stal., (BPH) was the most devastating insect pest on rice in many partS of Asia. The Outbreak of BPH? which is resistant to many synthetic insecticides can cause total rice crop loss. This research was done to evaluate the efficiency of mangostin from the pericarp of mangosteen fruit extract (Garcina mangostana L.) as the alternative control of BPH. The pericarp of mangosteen fruit was extracted by Soxhlet apparatus using ethanol as a solvent and purified by chromatography method then qualified structure by 2D-NMR, MS and IR. The crude extracts contained mangostin ca. 2.956% w/w. This extract was trailed by the topical sprayer method with 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th nymph and adult BPH shows toxicity in term of LC50 ca. 1.39, 2.26, 5.44, 4.49, 4.03 and 3.84 % w/v at 24 h exposure, respectively. The in vitro enzyme activity from BPH survived after 24 h exposure and showed to inhibit the carboxylesterase (CarE), acetylchoinesterase (AchE) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities which the correction factors of CarE, AchE and GST indicated ca. 1.21-2.05 fold, 1.24-2.50 fold and 1.01-3.34 fold, respectively. Moreover, the data shows that the carboxylesterase may play an important role to detoxify this extract. The results suggested that pericarp of mangosteen fruit extract which have mangostin as active ingredient compound shows mechanism as the inhibitor of detoxification enzymes. Thus, it is likely to be uses this extract as an insecticide alternative to the control of BPH.
