Limited role and benefit of ivabradine in the treatment of angina and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

Ivabradine is an original drug that has been approved in two indications (systolic heart failure and angina). The aim of this short review is to draw the attention of clinician prescribers to the evidence base of ivabradine. Three large randomized trials testing ivabradine versus placebo have been performed. The BEAUTIFUL and SIGNIFY trials were in fact negative in the treatment of angina while the SHIFT trial found a marginal benefit of ivabradine over placebo in the treatment of heart failure. These important results are put into perspective in order to improve the assessment of risk-cost/benefit balances when ivabradine is considered. Ideally, a further clinical trial investigating the use of ivabradine in heart failure should be carried out with optimal treatment of the patient population in order to identify the subgroup of patients who respond to ivabradine.

From evidence-based medicine to personalized medicine, with particular emphasis on drug-safety monitoring.

Nowadays, guidelines are derived from the findings of randomized controlled therapeutic trials. However, an overall significant P value does not exclude that some patients may be harmed by or will not respond to the therapeutic agent being studied. Trials in patients with a low risk of events and/or a limited chance of providing significant differences in therapeutic effects require a large patient population to demonstrate a beneficial effect. Composite efficacy endpoints are often employed to obviate the need for a large patient population when low rates of events or limited therapeutic efficacy are anticipated. Results of randomized controlled therapeutic trials are commonly expressed in terms of relative risk reduction, whereas absolute risk reduction allows the calculation of the "number needed to treat" to prevent an adverse outcome. The number needed to treat is a far more clinically relevant variable than relative risk reduction. The clinician's mission is to match treatment to patient with the goal of achieving optimal therapeutic response. Drug-safety monitoring is also of major importance to avoid exposing patients to irreversible adverse effects. Unfortunately, drug-safety monitoring is often overlooked in routine clinical practice. Finally, the lack of long-term therapeutic data (>5-10 years) is an unsolved dilemma, as most trials are limited to a duration of a few months or years.

Efficacy and safety of rituximab in auto-immune hemolytic anemia: A meta-analysis of 21 studies.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the response to rituximab (RTX) treatment in auto-immune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) patients. METHODS: Studies were selected from MEDLINE up to March 2014. Two investigators independently extracted data on study design, patient characteristics, clinical features (AIHA type, disease duration, previous treatments), dose-schedule of rituximab, duration of treatment follow-up, and toxicities. Pooled overall response rate (ORR) and complete response (CR) rates were evaluated to determine RTX efficacy and toxicity by calculating the weighted mean proportion with fixed or random-effects models in case of heterogeneity (p<0.1 or I(2)>50%). RESULTS: Twenty-one studies encompassing 409 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The characteristics of the entire analyzed cohort reported were as follows: mean male proportion: 43%, mean age: 50 years, splenectomized patients range: 0-50%. Warm AIHA, primary AIHA and adults were mostly represented. With the random-effect model, the overall response rate (ORR) was 73% (95% CI 64-81%, 20 studies encompassing 402 patients). CR rate was 37% (95% CI 26-49%, 20 studies including 397 patients). The ORRs were close to 70% for warm AIHA (79%, 95% CI 60-90%, 11 studies, 154 patients), primary AIHA (67%, 95% CI 49-81%, 10 studies, 161 patients), and secondary AIHA (72%, 95% CI 60-82%, 8 studies, 66 patients). The ORR was 57% (95% CI 47-66%, 6 studies, 109 patients) for cold agglutinin disease (CAD). The CR rate was 42% (95% CI 27-58%, 11 studies, 154 patients) for warm AHAI, 32% (95% CI 17-51%, 11 studies, 176 patients) for primary AIHA, 46% (95% CI 30-62%, 9 studies, 87 patients) for secondary AIHA and only 21% (95% CI 6-51%, 7 studies, 118 patients) for CAD. Definitive response rates were evaluated during follow-up. CR rate was the highest within 2 to 4 months after RTX (13 studies, 203 patients, CR=70% [57-80%]). As for toxicities, 38 adverse events in 364 patients were noted (14% (95% CI 9-21%)). Sixteen events were infusion-linked side effects, mostly chills and fever, whereas twenty-two were severe. Only one opportunistic Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia was reported. Seventeen patients out of 364 (4.6%) died during follow-up. In univariate mixed-effect meta-regressions, ORR and CR were significantly associated with warm AIHA (p=0.002) and mean age (p<0.001), and marginally associated with disease type (p=0.06 and 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Rituximab seems to be a safe and effective therapy for AIHA in this meta-analysis of observational studies. The authors suggest that it could be used at an earlier point in therapy, before more toxic immunosuppressive drugs, or in place of splenectomy in some cases.

Consistency of safety and efficacy of new oral anticoagulants across subgroups of patients with atrial fibrillation.

AIMS: The well-known limitations of vitamin K antagonists (VKA) led to development of new oral anticoagulants (NOAC) in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine the consistency of treatment effects of NOAC irrespective of age, comorbidities, or prior VKA exposure. METHODS AND RESULTS: All randomized, controlled phase III trials comparing NOAC to VKA up to October 2012 were eligible provided their results (stroke/systemic embolism (SSE) and major bleeding (MB)) were reported according to age (≤ or >75 years), renal function, CHADS2 score, presence of diabetes mellitus or heart failure, prior VKA use or previous cerebrovascular events. Interactions were considered significant at p <0.05. Three studies (50,578 patients) were included, respectively evaluating apixaban, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran versus warfarin. A trend towards interaction with heart failure (p = 0.08) was observed with respect to SSE reduction, this being greater in patients not presenting heart failure (RR = 0.76 [0.67-0.86]) than in those with heart failure (RR = 0.90 [0.78-1.04]); Significant interaction (p = 0.01) with CHADS2 score was observed, NOAC achieving a greater reduction in bleeding risk in patients with a score of 0-1 (RR 0.67 CI 0.57-0.79) than in those with a score ≥2 (RR 0.85 CI 0.74-0.98). Comparison of MB in patients with (RR 0.97 CI 0.79-1.18) and without (RR 0.76 CI 0.65-0.88) diabetes mellitus showed a similar trend (p = 0.06). No other interactions were found. All subgroups derived benefit from NOA in terms of SSE or MB reduction. CONCLUSIONS: NOAC appeared to be more effective and safer than VKA in reducing SSE or MB irrespective of patient comorbidities. Thromboembolism risk, evaluated by CHADS2 score and, to a lesser extent, diabetes mellitus modified the treatment effects of NOAC without complete loss of benefit with respect to MB reduction.

Central nervous system involvement in Whipple disease: clinical study of 18 patients and long-term follow-up.

Whipple disease (WD) is a rare multisystemic infection with a protean clinical presentation. The central nervous system (CNS) is involved in 3 situations: CNS involvement in classic WD, CNS relapse in previously treated WD, and isolated CNS infection. We retrospectively analyzed clinical features, diagnostic workup, brain imaging, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) study, treatment, and follow-up data in 18 patients with WD and CNS infection. Ten men and 8 women were included with a median age at diagnosis of 47 years (range, 30-56 yr). The median follow-up duration was 6 years (range, 1-19 yr). As categorized in the 3 subgroups, 11 patients had classic WD with CNS involvement, 4 had an isolated CNS infection, and 3 had a neurologic relapse of previously treated WD. CNS involvement occurred during prolonged trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) treatment in 1 patient with classic WD. The neurologic symptoms were various and always intermingled, as follows: confusion or coma (17%) related to meningo-encephalitis or status epilepticus; delirium (17%); cognitive impairment (61%) including memory loss and attention defects or typical frontal lobe syndrome; hypersomnia (17%); abnormal movements (myoclonus, choreiform movements, oculomasticatory myorhythmia) (39%); cerebellar ataxia (11%); upper motor neuron (44%) or extrapyramidal symptoms (33%); and ophthalmoplegia (17%) in conjunction or not with progressive supranuclear palsy. No specific pattern was correlated with any subgroup. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a unique focal lesion (35%), mostly as a tumorlike brain lesion, or multifocal lesions (23%) involving the medial temporal lobe, midbrain, hypothalamus, and thalamus. Periventricular diffuse leukopathy (6%), diffuse cortical atrophy (18%), and pachymeningitis (12%) were observed. The spinal cord was involved in 2 cases. MRI showed ischemic sequelae at diagnosis or during follow-up in 4 patients. Brain MRI was normal despite neurologic symptoms in 3 cases. CSF cytology was normal in 62% of patients, whereas Tropheryma whipplei polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was positive in 92% of cases with tested CSF. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive cells were identified in cerebral biopsies of 4 patients. All patients were treated with antimicrobial therapy for a mean duration of 2 years (range, 1-7 yr) with either oral monotherapy (TMP-SMX, doxycycline, third-generation cephalosporins) or a combination of antibiotics that sometimes followed parenteral treatment with beta-lactams and aminoglycosides. Eight patients also received hydroxychloroquine. At the end of follow-up, the clinical outcome was favorable in 14 patients (78%), with mild to moderate sequelae in 9. Thirteen patients (72%) had stopped treatment for an average time of 4 years (range, 0.7-14 yr). Four patients had clinical worsening despite antimicrobial therapy; 2 of those died following diffuse encephalitis (n = 1) and lung infection (n = 1). In conclusion, the neurologic manifestations of WD are diverse and may mimic almost any neurologic condition. Brain involvement may occur during or after TMP-SMX treatment. CSF T. whipplei PCR analysis is a major tool for diagnosis and may be positive in the absence of meningitis. Immune reconstitution syndrome may occur in the early months of treatment. Late prognosis may be better than previously reported, as a consequence of earlier diagnosis and a better use of antimicrobial therapy, including hydroxychloroquine and doxycycline combination.

Sex and acquired cofactors determine phenotypes of ferroportin disease.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Ferroportin disease is characterized by iron overload. It has an autosomal-dominant pattern of inheritance and has been associated with mutations in the SLC40A1 gene, which encodes the cellular iron exporter ferroportin. Since the first description in 2001, about 30 mutations have been reported; the heterogeneity of ferroportin disease phenotypes has led to the hypothesis that the nature of the mutation affects the function of the protein in different ways. We studied genotypes and phenotypes of a large cohort of patients with ferroportin disease. METHODS: We studied clinical, biochemical, imaging, histologic, and genetic data from 70 affected subjects from 33 families with 19 mutations. RESULTS: We found that ferroportin disease, at the time of diagnosis, has limited consequences in the absence of cofactors. Data indicated that transferrin saturation, which correlated with fibrosis and levels of alanine aminotransferase, might be a marker of disease severity. Although the study was performed in a large number of families, we observed incomplete penetrance and no correlation between genotypes and phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS: Members of families with ferroportin disease should be screened for biochemical parameters of iron metabolism as well as genotype to detect silent mutations that might cause disease with acquired or genetic cofactors. Patients should be followed up long term to identify potential complications of the disease.

Influence of age at disease onset in the outcome of paediatric systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of age at disease onset in the outcome of paediatric SLE (pSLE). METHODS: Fifty-six patients with pSLE, divided into three groups (pre-pubertal, peripubertal and post-pubertal onset), were studied. The SDI (SLICC/ACR Damage Index for SLE), patients' characteristics, disease manifestations and treatments were compared using Fisher's exact test and Kruskal-Wallis test. Kaplan-Meier curves were constructed to compare the risk of damage occurrence. RESULTS: The risk of damage (SDI >or=1) significantly decreased when age at disease onset increased (89% in pre-pubertal pSLE, 57% in peripubertal pSLE and 38% in post-pubertal pSLE). This excess of risk was found in all disease duration intervals studied (1-3, 3-5, 5-8, 8-10, >10 years) and at the end of follow-up. Kaplan-Meier curves indicated a higher and earlier risk of damage in younger patients. Young children showed higher frequency of autoimmune family history. The frequency of neuropsychiatric disorders and damages decreased with age at disease onset (P < 0.05). Cumulative duration of high-dose prednisone (> 0.5 mg/kg/day) and number of immunosuppressive drugs used that seem to contribute to damage significantly increased when age at disease onset decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of damage is inversely correlated with age at disease onset in pSLE. The poorer outcome observed in younger children may be explained by a more severe disease expression, may be a higher infectious susceptibility, and a more aggressive therapy, particularly within the first 6 months of disease course.

Neurological manifestations and neuroradiological presentation of Erdheim-Chester disease: report of 6 cases and systematic review of the literature.

Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare, non-Langerhans form of histiocytosis of unknown etiology that affects multiple organs. We report 6 cases of ECD with neurological involvement and neuroradiological abnormalities on brain MRI. A literature review revealed 60 other cases of ECD with neurological involvement. We therefore analyzed 66 ECD patients with neurological involvement. Cerebellar and pyramidal syndromes were the most frequent clinical manifestations (41% and 45% of cases), but seizures, headaches, neuropsychiatric or cognitive troubles, sensory disturbances, cranial nerve paralysis or asymptomatic lesions were also reported. Neurological manifestations were always associated with other organ involvement, especially of bones (at least 86%) and diabetes insipidus (47%). Neurological involvement was responsible for severe functional handicaps in almost all patients and was responsible for the death of 6 of the 66 patients (9%). Neuroradiological findings could be separated into three patterns: the infiltrative pattern (44%), with widespread lesions, nodules or intracerebral masses, the meningeal pattern (37%), with either thickening of the dura mater or meningioma-like tumors, and the composite pattern (19%), with both infiltrative and meningeal lesions.

Systemic mastocytosis: predictable factors of poor prognosis present at the onset of the disease.

Systemic mastocytosis (SM) refers to a group of heterogeneous diseases that can be divided into indolent SM, for which prognosis is favorable, and malignant SM, which has a poor prognosis. While the diagnosis of SM is often a challenge since clinical and biological abnormalities are not specific, prognosis is even more difficult to predict. Thus, we aimed to highlight predictable factors in a cohort of 28 cases of SM. Among the 13 women and 15 men studied were 7 patients who had an aggressive form of SM that ultimately led to death in 3 of them. We found common characteristics among these seven patients. First, they were older when the first symptoms appeared and when the diagnosis was confirmed. Second, ascitis, lymphadenopathy, anemia, and thrombocytopenia were significantly more frequent, while cutaneous lesions and flush were less frequent. Moreover, general symptoms, gastrointestinal disorders, neutropenia, and coagulation abnormalities also seemed to characterize this group of patients. Understanding the factors that predict SM is essential in order to provide patients with the malignant form of the disease with specific treatments.

Longitudinal study of oxidative status in 312 cystic fibrosis patients in stable state and during bronchial exacerbation.

In cystic fibrosis (CF), there is an imbalance in the oxidant/antioxidant system, leading to oxidative damage. The aim of this study was to assess antioxidant-scavenger deficiencies and lipid peroxide variations in three clinical situations (stable status, acute exacerbation, and after intravenous antibiotic treatment). The objective was also to correlate oxidative stress with age, nutritional status, and respiratory function. The study included prospectively 312 consecutive patients and 53 controls. Antioxidants (vitamin A, vitamin E, carotenoids, and glutathione) and oxidative markers (malondialdehyde and lipid peroxides) were measured in plasma. Regression analyses were performed. Antioxidant levels were lower in CF patients than in controls. These levels decreased during acute exacerbation and increased after antibiotic treatment. Carotenoid levels were not modified by infection or age. Only vitamin A and carotenoid levels were positively correlated to body mass index. Antioxidant levels were correlated to forced expiratory volume at 1 sec. Lipid peroxidation markers were lower in patients than in controls. Their levels decreased during infection, and increased after antibiotic treatment. Impaired lung function was correlated with elevated malondialdehyde levels. In conclusion, this study demonstrates antioxidant deficiency in a very large cohort of CF patients. Carotenoid and vitamin E deficiencies occur early in the course of the disease. Antioxidants decrease with bronchial infection. By contrast, nutritional disorders did not modify antioxidant levels during acute exacerbations. Thus, pulmonary disorders rather than nutritional disorders seem to be essential in the imbalance of the oxidant/antioxidant system. Results concerning glutathione and oxidative-marker levels highlighted the fact that their plasma values do not reflect oxidative stress in the respiratory tract.

Neurologic presentation of Whipple disease: report of 12 cases and review of the literature.

We report 12 cases of Whipple disease in patients with prominent neurologic symptoms, along with 122 cases of Whipple disease with nervous system involvement reported in the literature. We analyzed the clinical signs and results of additional examinations in 2 groups: the first group included patients with predominantly but not exclusively neurologic signs, and the second included patients with clinically isolated neurologic presentation of the disease. Whipple disease is a multisystemic infectious disease due to Tropheryma whippelii that may present with prominent or isolated symptoms of either the central or the peripheral nervous system. Recent reports stress the importance of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of cerebrospinal fluid, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during follow-up, and prolonged antibiotic therapy with drugs able to cross the blood-brain barrier. Cerebrospinal fluid should be analyzed repeatedly during follow-up, and treatment should be discontinued only when the results of PCR assay performed on cerebrospinal fluid are negative. Other examinations to be done include searching for gastrointestinal tract involvement with multiple duodenal biopsies and searching for systemic involvement with lymph node biopsies, which should be analyzed with light microscopy, electron microscopy, and PCR. When all examinations are negative, if Whipple disease is suspected and a lesion is found on brain MRI, a stereotactic cerebral biopsy should be performed. Treating Whipple disease with long-term trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is usually effective, but the use of third-generation cephalosporins in case of incomplete response deserves further attention.