ABSTRACT
In Diabetes Mellitus the loss of capacity to regulate immunity, the reduction of pulmonary functions and the pro-thrombotic state determine the severity of COVID-19.
Subject(s)
Betacoronavirus , Coronavirus Infections/complications , Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology , Diabetes Complications/physiopathology , Pneumonia, Viral/complications , Pneumonia, Viral/physiopathology , COVID-19 , Coronavirus Infections/immunology , Diabetes Complications/immunology , Diabetes Mellitus/immunology , Diabetes Mellitus/physiopathology , Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation/etiology , Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation/immunology , Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation/physiopathology , Humans , Models, Biological , Neuroimmunomodulation , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral/immunology , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/etiology , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/immunology , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/physiopathology , Risk Factors , SARS-CoV-2 , Thrombosis/etiology , Thrombosis/immunology , Thrombosis/physiopathologyABSTRACT
We have investigated plasmonic excitations at the surface of Bi_{2}Se_{3}(0001) via high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. For low parallel momentum transfer q_{â¥}, the loss spectrum shows a distinctive feature peaked at 104 meV. This mode varies weakly with q_{â¥}. The behavior of its intensity as a function of primary energy and scattering angle indicates that it is a surface plasmon. At larger momenta (q_{â¥}~0.04 Å^{-1}), an additional peak, attributed to the Dirac plasmon, becomes clearly defined in the loss spectrum. Momentum-resolved loss spectra provide evidence of the mutual interaction between the surface plasmon and the Dirac plasmon of Bi_{2}Se_{3}. The proposed theoretical model accounting for the coexistence of three-dimensional doping electrons and two-dimensional Dirac fermions accurately represents the experimental observations. The results reveal novel routes for engineering plasmonic devices based on topological insulators.