Adjunctive Antiseptic Irrigation of Periodontal Pockets: Effects on Microbial and Cytokine Profiles.

To evaluate the effect of adjunctive antiseptic irrigation of periodontal pockets on microbial and cytokine profiles. Fifty-nine patients with severe periodontitis were allocated to one of three groups for scaling and root planing facilitated with different adjunctive antiseptics: 1% polyhexamethyleneguanidine phosphate (PHMG-P) (n = 19), 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) (n = 21) or distilled water (n = 19). Gingival crevicular fluid and subgingival bacterial samples were collected at baseline, and at 2 weeks, and 1 and 4 months. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-17A, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum,Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Prevotella intermedia were determined. There were no intergroup differences in cytokine concentrations and bacterial counts at any follow-up, however, varying patterns were observed. In the PHMG-P and water groups IL-1ß expression peaked at 2 weeks and then gradually declined. In all three groups, the dynamics of MMP-8 concentration were non-linear, increasing by 2 weeks and then declining to below baseline (p > 0.05). P. gingivalis and T. forsythia declined within the first month and increased thereafter, not regaining the baseline level. Adjunctive antiseptic treatment was associated with changes in biomarkers and bacterial counts in the course of the study. The effects of adjunctive antiseptic irrigation were limited in the applied protocol.

Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate irrigation as an adjunctive to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of adjunctive polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) phosphate irrigation in periodontal treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects comprised 59 patients with severe chronic periodontitis. Plaque index, bleeding on probing (BOP) and pocket probing depths (PPD) were recorded. The subjects were randomly allocated to one of three groups for scaling and root planning, with different adjunctive irrigants: 1% PHMG phosphate (19 subjects), 0.2% chlorhexidine (21 subjects) and distilled water (19 subjects). Patients were recalled after two weeks, one month and then after 4, 6 and 12 months. RESULTS: In all groups, treatment resulted in considerable improvement of the observed clinical parameters. There were no intergroup differences in plaque index and BOP at any time point, but significant differences in PPD at one, four and six months. By the end of the study no intergroup differences in PPDs persisted. While post study surgical treatment needs decreased in all three groups, no intergroup differences were observed in the number of deep periodontal pockets. CONCLUSIONS: Irrigation with PHMG phosphate significantly reduces PPDs in the short-term, but has no significant long-term effect on the mean pocket depth.

Effects of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate on human gingival fibroblasts.

OBJECTIVE: Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-P) was compared to chlorhexidine (CHX) in order to determine potential cytotoxic and immune-modulatory effects on human gingival fibroblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cytotoxic effects of PHMG-P and CHX on human gingival fibroblasts were assessed using cell viability assay at various time points and concentrations. The effects of PHMG-P and CHX on the secretion of prostaglandin (PG) E2, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 by non-stimulated or IL-1ß stimulated fibroblasts were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: PHMG-P concentration 0.00009% led to the total loss of fibroblast viability within 24 h, whereas inhibition of fibroblast viability by CHX occurred at significantly higher concentrations of 0.0009% (p < .001). Short-term exposure to 0.005% PHMG-P led to loss of fibroblast viability after 5 min, whilst cells exposed to 0.005% CHX survived 30 min of treatment (p < .001). IL-1ß stimulation induced an inflammatory response with a significant increase in the secretion of PGE2, IL-6, IL-8 and MMP-1. Treatment of IL-1ß stimulated fibroblasts in combination with PHMG-P or CHX at concentrations of 0.000045 or 0.0.00009% resulted in significantly decreased PGE2, IL-6, IL-8 and MMP-1 levels. PHMG-P or CHX alone did not affect the baseline secretion of PGE2, IL-6, IL-8 or MMP-1 by gingival fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS: Cytotoxic effects on gingival fibroblasts were triggered by both PHMG-P and CHX at concentrations below those used in clinical practice. The tested antiseptics did not cause inflammation and reduced IL-1ß-induced secretion of inflammatory mediators and collagenase by gingival fibroblasts, which suggests anti-inflammatory properties.