Implications of sedation during the use of noninvasive ventilation in children with acute respiratory failure (SEDANIV Study).

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of sedation administration on clinical parameters, comfort status, intubation requirements, and the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) length of stay (LOS) in children with acute respiratory failure (ARF) receiving noninvasive ventilation (NIV). METHODS: Thirteen PICUs in Spain participated in a prospective, multicenter, observational trial from January to December 2021. Children with ARF under the age of five who were receiving NIV were included. Clinical information and comfort levels were documented at the time of NIV initiation, as well as at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. The COMFORT-behavior (COMFORT-B) scale was used to assess the patients' level of comfort. NIV failure was considered to be a requirement for endotracheal intubation. RESULTS: A total of 457 patients were included, with a median age of 3.3 months (IQR 1.3-16.1). Two hundred and thirteen children (46.6%) received sedation (sedation group); these patients had a higher heart rate, higher COMFORT-B score, and lower SpO2/FiO2 ratio than did those who did not receive sedation (non-sedation group). A significantly greater improvement in the COMFORT-B score at 3, 6, 12, and 24 h, heart rate at 6 and 12 h, and SpO2/FiO2 ratio at 6 h was observed in the sedation group. Overall, the NIV success rate was 95.6%-intubation was required in 6.1% of the sedation group and in 2.9% of the other group (p = 0.092). Multivariate analysis revealed that the PRISM III score at NIV initiation (OR 1.408; 95% CI 1.230-1.611) and respiratory rate at 3 h (OR 1.043; 95% CI 1.009-1.079) were found to be independent predictors of NIV failure. The PICU LOS was correlated with weight, PRISM III score, respiratory rate at 12 h, SpO2 at 3 h, FiO2 at 12 h, NIV failure and NIV duration. Sedation use was not found to be independently related to NIV failure or to the PICU LOS. CONCLUSIONS: Sedation use may be useful in children with ARF treated with NIV, as it seems to improve clinical parameters and comfort status but may not increase the NIV failure rate or PICU LOS, even though sedated children were more severe at technique initiation in the present sample.

Sordera infantil con discapacidad asociada (DA+): recomendaciones CODEPEH / Deaf children with additional disabilities (AD+): CODEPEH recommendations

Aproximadamente el 40% de los niños con sordera tienen añadido un trastorno del desarrollo o un problema médico importante, que puede retrasar la edad de diagnóstico de la hipoacusia y/o precisar de la intervención de otros profesionales. Esta situación se designa como «hipoacusia o sordera con discapacidad añadida» (DA+). El motivo por el que la población de niños con problemas auditivos es más propensa a asociar discapacidades añadidas radica en que los factores de riesgo para la hipoacusia se superponen con los de muchas otras discapacidades. Estos factores pueden influir en diversos aspectos del desarrollo, incluida la adquisición del lenguaje. Es importante comprobar que se recibe la adecuada atención, la efectividad de audífonos o implantes, así como de las estrategias de intervención logopédica, y la adherencia de la familia a sesiones y citas. Los desafíos que plantea la DA+ son su detección precoz, para permitir una temprana y adecuada intervención, y la necesidad de una colaboración transdisciplinar fluida entre todos los profesionales que han de intervenir, junto con la implicación de la familia. (AU)

Approximately 40% of children with deafness have an additional developmental disorder or major medical problem, which may delay the age of diagnosis of hearing loss and/or require intervention by other professionals. This situation is referred to as “deafness with added disability” (AD+). The reason why the population of hearing-impaired children is more likely to have associated added disabilities is that the risk factors for hearing impairment overlap with those for many other disabilities. These factors can influence various aspects of development, including language acquisition. It is important to check that appropriate care is received, the effectiveness of hearing aids or implants, as well speech therapy intervention strategies, and family adherence to sessions and appointments. The challenge posed by AD+ is early detection, to allow early and appropriate intervention, and the need for fluid transdisciplinary collaboration between all professionals involved, together with the involvement of the family. (AU)

Efecto de tres dietas enterales con diferente contenido en proteínas sobre el metabolismo proteico en lactantes críticamente enfermos: un ensayo clínico aleatorizado / Effect of three enteral diets with different protein contents on protein metabolism in critically ill infants: A randomized controlled trial

Introducción: No se ha establecido cuál es el aporte óptimo para mejorar el metabolismo proteico sin producir efectos adversos en lactantes gravemente enfermos. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar si un mayor aporte proteico a través de la nutrición enteral se relaciona con una mejoría en el balance proteico en lactantes críticamente enfermos. Material y métodos: Se diseñó un estudio multicéntrico, prospectivo, aleatorizado y controlado (diciembre de 2016 a junio de 2019). Se incluyeron lactantes críticamente enfermos con nutrición enteral, asignándose aleatoriamente a tres dietas con diferente contenido proteico: estándar (1,7g/100ml), hiperproteica (2,7g/100ml) e hiperproteica suplementada (5,1g/100ml). Se realizaron análisis de sangre y orina y se calculó el balance nitrogenado en el momento basal y tras 3-5días de nutrición. Se analizó la variación del balance nitrogenado y de las proteínas séricas (proteínas totales, albúmina, transferrina, prealbúmina y proteína ligada al retinol) a lo largo del periodo de estudio. Resultados: Noventa y nueve lactantes (33 por grupo) completaron el estudio. No se encontraron diferencias entre grupos en características demográficas, puntuaciones de gravedad y otros tratamientos recibidos, salvo corticoides, administrados en una mayor proporción de pacientes del tercer grupo. Tuvo lugar un aumento significativo de los niveles de prealbúmina y proteína ligada al retinol en los grupos con nutrición hiperproteica e hiperproteica suplementada. El balance nitrogenado aumentó en todos los grupos, pero este incremento no fue significativo en el grupo de nutrición hiperproteica suplementada. No se encontraron diferencias en cuanto a tolerancia gastrointestinal. Los pacientes con nutrición hiperproteica suplementada presentaron niveles superiores de urea sérica y mayor incidencia de hiperuremia. (AU)

Introduction: The optimal intake to improve protein metabolism without producing adverse effects in seriously ill infants has yet to be established. The aim of our study was to analyse whether an increased protein intake delivered through enteral nutrition would be associated with an improvement in nitrogen balance and serum protein levels in critically ill infants. Material and methods: We conducted a multicentre, prospective randomized controlled trial (December 2016-June 2019). The sample consisted of critically ill infants receiving enteral nutrition assigned randomly to 3 protein content groups: standard diet (1.7g/dL), protein-enriched diet (2.7g/dL) and high protein-enriched diet (5.1g/dL). Blood and urine tests were performed, and we assessed nitrogen balance at baseline and at 3 to 5days of the diet. We analysed variations in nitrogen balance and serum protein levels (total protein, albumin, transferrin, prealbumin, and retinol-binding protein) throughout the study period. Results: Ninety-nine infants (33 per group) completed the study. We did not find any differences were between groups in demographic characteristics, severity scores or prescribed medications, except for corticosteroids, administered in a higher proportion of patients in the third group. We observed significant increases in prealbumin and retinol-binding protein levels in patients receiving the protein-enriched and high protein-enriched diets at 3 to 5days compared to baseline. The nitrogen balance increased in all groups, but the differences were not significant in the high protein-enriched group. There were no differences in gastrointestinal tolerance. Patients fed high protein-enriched formula had higher levels of serum urea, with a higher incidence of hyperuraemia in this group. (AU)

Effect of three enteral diets with different protein contents on protein metabolism in critically ill infants: a randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: The optimal intake to improve protein metabolism without producing adverse effects in seriously ill infants has yet to be established. The aim of our study was to analyse whether an increased protein intake delivered through enteral nutrition would be associated with an improvement in nitrogen balance and serum protein levels in critically ill infants. METHODS: We conducted a multicentre, prospective randomized controlled trial (December 2016-June 2019). The sample consisted of critically ill infants receiving enteral nutrition assigned randomly to 3 protein content groups: standard diet (1.7 g/dL), protein-enriched diet (2.7 g/dL) and high protein-enriched diet (5.1 g/dL). Blood and urine tests were performed, and we assessed nitrogen balance at baseline and at 3-5 days of the diet. We analysed variations in nitrogen balance and serum protein levels (total protein, albumin, transferrin, prealbumin, and retinol-binding protein) throughout the study period. RESULTS: Ninety-nine infants (33 per group) completed the study. We did not find any differences were between groups in demographic characteristics, severity scores or prescribed medications, except for corticosteroids, administered in a higher proportion of patients in the third group. We observed significant increases in prealbumin and retinol-binding protein levels in patients receiving the protein-enriched and high protein-enriched diets at 3-5 days compared to baseline. The nitrogen balance increased in all groups, but the differences were not significant in the high protein-enriched group. There were no differences in gastrointestinal tolerance. Patients fed high protein-enriched formula had higher levels of serum urea, with a higher incidence of hyperuraemia in this group. CONCLUSION: Enteral administration of higher amounts of protein improves serum protein levels in critically ill children. A protein intake of 2.2 g/kg/day is generally safe and well tolerated, whereas an intake of 3.4 g/kg/day may produce hyperuraemia in some patients.

Deaf children with additional disabilities (AD+): CODEPEH recommendations.

Approximately 40% of children with deafness have an additional developmental disorder or major medical problem, which may delay the age of diagnosis of hearing loss and/or require intervention by other professionals. This situation is referred to as "deafness with added disability" (AD+). The reason why the population of hearing-impaired children is more likely to have associated added disabilities is that the risk factors for hearing impairment overlap with those for many other disabilities. These factors can influence various aspects of development, including language acquisition. It is important to check that appropriate care is received, the effectiveness of hearing aids or implants, as well speech therapy intervention strategies, and family adherence to sessions and appointments. The challenge posed by AD+ is early detection, to allow early and appropriate intervention, and the need for fluid transdisciplinary collaboration between all professionals involved, together with the involvement of the family.

The importance of an early gastroenteritis diagnosis to discard MIS-C during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

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Ototoxicity in childhood: Recommendations of the CODEPEH (Commission for the Early Detection of Childhood Hearing Loss) for prevention and early diagnosis.

Ototoxicity is defined as the damage, reversible or irreversible, produced in the inner ear by various substances that are called ototoxic and that can cause hearing loss and/or an alteration of the vestibular system. Permanent hearing loss significantly affects quality of life and is especially important in children. The lack or delay in its detection is frequent, since it often progresses in an inconspicuous manner until it affects communication and overall development. This impact can be minimized by following a strategy of audiological monitoring of ototoxicity, which allows for its early detection and treatment. This document recommends that children who are going to be treated with cisplatin or aminoglycosides be monitored. This CODEPEH review and recommendation document focuses on the early detection, prophylaxis, otoprotection, monitoring and treatment of ototoxicity caused by aminoglycosides and platinum-based antineoplastics in the paediatric population.

Safety and Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccination After Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) in Spain.

In this cohort of 42 adolescents with a previous multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) diagnosis, 32 (76.2%) were vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccines, with a low incidence of relevant adverse events. More importantly, no new MIS-C or myocarditis occurred after a median of 10 weeks (range 5.3-19.7) post-vaccination.

Ototoxicidad en la edad pediátrica: recomendaciones de la CODEPEH (Comisión para la Detección Precoz de la Hipoacusia infantil) para su prevención y diagnóstico precoz / Ototoxicity in childhood: Recommendations of the CODEPEH (Commission for the Early Detection of childhood Hearing Loss) for prevention and early diagnosis

La ototoxicidad se define como el daño, reversible o irreversible, producido sobre el oído interno por diversas sustancias que se denominan ototóxicos y que causan una hipoacusia y/o una alteración del sistema vestibular.La hipoacusia permanente afecta significativamente a la calidad de vida y es especialmente importante en el caso de niños. Es frecuente la falta o el retraso en su detección, dado que muchas veces progresa de forma poco llamativa hasta que afecta a la comunicación y al desarrollo global. Este impacto puede minimizarse siguiendo una estrategia de monitorización audiológica de la ototoxicidad, que permita su detección y tratamiento precoz. Se recomienda implantar dicha monitorización en los niños que van a ser tratados con cisplatino o aminoglucósidos.Este documento de revisión y recomendaciones de la CODEPEH se enfoca a la detección precoz, la profilaxis, la otoprotección, el seguimiento y el tratamiento de la ototoxicidad por aminoglucósidos y antineoplásicos derivados del platino en la población pediátrica. (AU)

Ototoxicity is defined as the damage, reversible or irreversible, produced in the inner ear by various substances that are called ototoxic and that can cause hearing loss and/or an alteration of the vestibular system.Permanent hearing loss significantly affects quality of life and is especially important in children. The lack or delay in its detection is frequent, since it often progresses in an inconspicuous manner until it affects communication and overall development. This impact can be minimized by following a strategy of audiological monitoring of ototoxicity, which allows for its early detection and treatment. This document recommends that children who are going to be treated with cisplatin or aminoglycosides be monitored.This CODEPEH review and recommendation document focuses on the early detection, prophylaxis, otoprotection, monitoring and treatment of ototoxicity caused by aminoglycosides and platinum-based antineoplastics in the paediatric population. (AU)

Predicting the Risk of Mortality in Children using a Fuzzy-Probabilistic Hybrid Model.

Introduction: The mortality risk in children admitted to Pediatric Intensive Care Units (PICU) is usually estimated by means of validated scales, which only include objective data among their items. Human perceptions may also add relevant information to prognosticate the risk of death, and the tool to use this subjective data is fuzzy logic. The objective of our study was to develop a mathematical model to predict mortality risk based on the subjective perception of PICU staff and to evaluate its accuracy compared to validated scales. Methods: A prospective observational study in two PICUs (one in Spain and another in Latvia) was performed. Children were consecutively included regardless of the cause of admission along a two-year period. A fuzzy set program was developed for the PICU staff to record the subjective assessment of the patients' mortality risk expressed through a short range and a long range, both between 0% and 100%. Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 (PIM2) and Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System 28 (TISS28) were also prospectively calculated for each patient. Subjective and objective predictions were compared using the logistic regression analysis. To assess the prognostication ability of the models a stratified B-random K-fold cross-validation was performed. Results: Five hundred ninety-nine patients were included, 308 in Spain (293 survivors, 15 nonsurvivors) and 291 in Latvia (282 survivors, 9 nonsurvivors). The best logistic classification model for subjective information was the one based on MID (midpoint of the short range), whereas objective information was the one based on PIM2. Mortality estimation performance was 86.3% for PIM2, 92.6% for MID, and the combination of MID and PIM2 reached 96.4%. Conclusions: Subjective assessment was as useful as validated scales to estimate the risk of mortality. A hybrid model including fuzzy information and probabilistic scales (PIM2) seems to increase the accuracy of prognosticating mortality in PICU.

SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein in Intestinal Cells of a Patient with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome.

A previously healthy 12-year-old boy had severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) that was rapidly fatal. Autopsy revealed the presence of a large intracardiac thrombus. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was detected in intestinal cells, supporting the hypothesis that viral presence in the gut may be related to the immunologic response of MIS-C.

New-born Hearing Screening Programmes in 2020: CODEPEH Recommendations.

Programmes for early detection of congenital hearing loss have been successfully implemented mainly in developed countries, after overcoming some conceptual errors argued against their implementation and some criticism of their efficacy. However, some difficulties and weaknesses are still identified in these programmes: the detection of late-onset hearing loss and the percentage of children who did not pass the screening and did not complete the process of diagnosis and treatment, these being cases that are lost in the process. The purpose of this Document is to analyse these problems to determine areas for improvement and to emphasize one of the basic principles for the success of the programmes: continuous training for the interdisciplinary team. The result of the review process carried out by CODEPEH has been drafted as Recommendations for updating the Programmes with the evidence of the last decade, including advances in screening technology, the impact of the present knowledge on congenital infection by cytomegalovirus, genetic hearing loss research and control systems of lost to follow-up cases, treatment and follow up.

Programas de cribado de la hipoacusia congénita en 2020: recomendaciones CODEPEH / New-born hearing screening programmes in 2020: CODEPEH recommendations

Los programas de detección precoz de la hipoacusia congénita se han extendido de forma exitosa, especialmente en países desarrollados, superando los errores conceptuales argumentados contra su implantación o las críticas a su eficacia. No obstante, aún se identifican algunas dificultades y debilidades: la detección de la hipoacusia de desarrollo tardío y el porcentaje de niños que no pasaron el cribado y no completan el diagnóstico ni el tratamiento, siendo casos que se pierden en el proceso son algunas de ellas.El objetivo del presente documento es analizar estos problemas para determinar puntos de mejora e incidir en un principio básico del éxito de los programas: la formación continuada del equipo interdisciplinario.El resultado del trabajo de revisión llevado a cabo por la CODEPEH se plasma en la formulación de unas recomendaciones orientadas a actualizar los programas con las evidencias aparecidas en la última década, incorporando los progresos de la tecnología, los conocimientos actuales sobre la infección congénita por citomegalovirus y los estudios genéticos de la hipoacusia en los programas, así como los sistemas de control de la pérdida de casos en el proceso, el tratamiento y el seguimiento. (AU)

Programs for early detection of congenital hearing loss have been successfully implemented mainly in developed countries, after overcoming some conceptual errors argued against their implementation and some criticism of their efficacy. However, some difficulties and weaknesses are still identified in these programs: the detection of late-onset hearing loss and the percentage of children who did not pass the screening and did not complete the process of diagnosis and treatment, these being cases that are lost in the process.The purpose of this Document is to analyse these problems to determine areas for improvement and to emphasize one of the basic principles for the success of the programs: continuous training for the interdisciplinary team.The result of the review process carried out by CODEPEH has been drafted as Recommendations for updating the Programs with the evidence of the last decade, including advances in screening technology, the impact of the present knowledge on congenital infection by cytomegalovirus, genetic hearing loss research and control systems of lost to follow-up cases, treatment and follow up. (AU)

Las listas de verificación: ¿una ayuda o una molestia? / The checklists: A help or a hassle?

La seguridad de los pacientes se ha convertido en un componente central de la calidad asistencial. Una de las herramientas de seguridad más conocidas y extendidas en todos los ámbitos laborales son las listas de verificación (LV). Una LV es una herramienta que ayuda a no olvidar ningún paso durante la realización de un procedimiento, hacer tareas con un orden establecido, controlar el cumplimiento de una serie de requisitos o recoger datos de forma sistemática para su posterior análisis. Es una ayuda para mejorar la eficacia del trabajo en equipo, fomentar la comunicación, disminuir la variabilidad, estandarizar la atención y mejorar la seguridad de los pacientes. Se repasan las principales barreras para la implantación, como actitudes del personal, jerarquías, diseño deficiente, capacitación inadecuada, duplicación con otras listas de trabajo, sobrecarga de trabajo, barreras culturales, falta de replicación o tiempo de cierre de la LV. Finalmente se revisan sus aplicaciones en la edad pediátrica partiendo desde la más extendida, la LV de seguridad de la cirugía pediátrica, el parto y el periodo neonatal (LV de unidades de críticos neonatales, LV para el parto seguro), para procedimientos de riesgo, para cuidados intensivos pediátricos y para la patología emergente tiempo-dependiente; por ejemplo, el trauma pediátrico. Es importante remarcar el papel del liderazgo en la implantación de una LV en cualquier área de trabajo de la pediatría. Debe haber una o más personas del equipo con el apoyo de los jefes de servicio y directivos que lideren la formación del personal, dirijan la implantación de la LV, evalúen los resultados, informen al resto del equipo y puedan modificar los procesos en función de los problemas encontrados

Patient safety has become a central component of quality of care. One of the best known and most widely used security tool in all work settings is the checklist. The checklist is a tool that helps to not forget any step during the performance of a procedure, to do tasks with an established order, to control the fulfilment of a series of requirements or to collect data in a systematic way for its subsequent analysis. It is an aid to improve the efficiency of teamwork, promote communication, decrease variability, standardize care and improve patient safety. Main barriers to implementation are reviewed: staff attitudes, hierarchies, poor design, inadequate training, duplication with other work lists, work overload, cultural barriers, lack of replication or checklist closing time. Finally, its applications in Pediatrics are reviewed starting from the most widespread, the safety checklist of pediatric surgery, checklists in neonatal critical units, for safe delivery, for risk procedures, in pediatric intensive care and for pathology time-dependent emergent, e.g. pediatric trauma. It is necessary to highlight the role of leadership in the implantation of a checklist in any area of Pediatrics. There must be one or more people from the team with the support of the Heads of Service and Managers who lead the training of the personnel, direct the implementation of the LV, evaluate the results, inform the rest of the team and can modify the processes depending on the problems found

[The checklists: A help or a hassle?] / Las listas de verificación: ¿una ayuda o una molestia?

Patient safety has become a central component of quality of care. One of the best known and most widely used security tool in all work settings is the checklist. The checklist is a tool that helps to not forget any step during the performance of a procedure, to do tasks with an established order, to control the fulfilment of a series of requirements or to collect data in a systematic way for its subsequent analysis. It is an aid to improve the efficiency of teamwork, promote communication, decrease variability, standardize care and improve patient safety. Main barriers to implementation are reviewed: staff attitudes, hierarchies, poor design, inadequate training, duplication with other work lists, work overload, cultural barriers, lack of replication or checklist closing time. Finally, its applications in Pediatrics are reviewed starting from the most widespread, the safety checklist of pediatric surgery, checklists in neonatal critical units, for safe delivery, for risk procedures, in pediatric intensive care and for pathology time-dependent emergent, e.g. pediatric trauma. It is necessary to highlight the role of leadership in the implantation of a checklist in any area of Pediatrics. There must be one or more people from the team with the support of the Heads of Service and Managers who lead the training of the personnel, direct the implementation of the LV, evaluate the results, inform the rest of the team and can modify the processes depending on the problems found.

Validación de la escala simplificada de puntuación de intervenciones terapéuticas (TISS-28) en niños críticamente enfermos / Validation of a Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS-28) in critically ill children

INTRODUCCIÓN: En el ámbito de los cuidados intensivos, existen numerosas escalas para cuantificar la gravedad de los pacientes. La mayoría de ellas son muy útiles, aunque en ocasiones laboriosas de completar, por lo que su implantación en la práctica habitual es escasa. Una de ellas es la escala de puntuación de intervenciones terapéuticas (TISS 76), que ha sido validada en unidades de adultos y pediátricas. Su versión simplificada y actualizada, la escala simplificada de puntuación de intervenciones terapéuticas (TISS 28), no ha sido validada en unidades pediátricas, siendo este el objetivo del estudio, con idea de disponer de una escala sencilla y rápida. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio observacional prospectivo sin intervención, en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos (UCIP) de un hospital universitario. Se recogieron datos de 935 pacientes ingresados consecutivamente en la UCIP durante un periodo de 3 años, incluyendo los valores de TISS 76 y TISS 28 de todos durante los 4 primeros días de ingreso y la posterior evolución de los pacientes. RESULTADOS: Los valores medios de TISS 76 y TISS 28 para el primer día de ingreso fueron de 18,27 y de 18,02, respectivamente, siendo más elevados en los pacientes con secuelas o que fallecían. Se encontró muy buena correlación entre la TISS 76 y la 28, con coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y de correlación intraclase > 0,9 (excepto para el segundo día). La ecuación de correlación para los 4días fue: TISS76 = -1,74+1,05×TISS28. La TISS 28 fue capaz de explicar el 82,4% de la variabilidad de la TISS 76. El área bajo la curva con un intervalo de confianza del 95% para el primer día fue de 0,80 para la TISS 76 y de 0,76 para la TISS 28. CONCLUSIONES: Con los resultados obtenidos, la TISS 28 puede reemplazar a la TISS 26 en nuestra UCIP, sin empeorar la información proporcionada. Siendo una escala fiable y más sencilla de aplicar, podría ser útil su aplicación práctica

INTRODUCTION: There are numerous scales in intensive care units that are used to quantify the severity of patients. Most of them are very useful, although sometimes laborious to complete, thus limiting their use in usual practice. One of these scales, the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS 76), has been validated in adult and paediatric units. Its simplified and updated version, the Simplified Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS 28), has not yet been validated in paediatric units. The aim of this study is to validate TISS 28, in order to have a simple and rapid scale. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A prospective non-interventional observational study was conducted in a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of a university hospital. Data were collected from 935 consecutive patients admitted to the PICU over a 3-year period. These included the values of TISS 76 and TISS 28 during the first 4days of admission and the subsequent outcome of the patients. RESULTS: The mean values of TISS 76 and TISS 28 for the first day of admission were 18.27 and 18.02, respectively. Values were higher in patients who had sequelae or died (17.58 versus 27.23 and 37.44, respectively for TISS 76 (P < .01); and 17.51 versus 23.80 and 33.44, respectively for TISS 28 (P < .01). A very good correlation was found between TISS 76 and TISS 28, with Pearson correlation and intraclass correlation coefficients > 0.9 (except for the 2 nd day). The correlation equation for the overall 4 days was: TISS76=- 1.74 + 1.05 × TISS28. TISS 28 was able to explain 82.4% of variability of TISS 76. The area under the curve with a confidence interval (CI) of 95% for the first day was 0.80 (0.73-0.87) for TISS 76, and 0.76 (0.67-0.84) for TISS 28. CONCLUSIONS: On observing the results obtained, TISS 28 can replace TISS 26 in our PICU, without worsening the information provided. Being a reliable scale and easier to apply, its practical application could be useful