ABSTRACT
Malaria remains a significant public health problem worldwide, particularly in low-income regions with limited access to healthcare. Despite the use of antimalarial drugs, transmission remains an issue in Colombia, especially among indigenous populations in remote areas. In this study, we used an SIR Ross MacDonald model that considered land use change, temperature, and precipitation to analyze eco epidemiological parameters and the impact of time lags on malaria transmission in La Pedrera-Amazonas municipality. We found changes in land use between 2007 and 2020, with increases in forested areas, urban infrastructure and water edges resulting in a constant increase in mosquito carrying capacity. Temperature and precipitation variables exhibited a fluctuating pattern that corresponded to rainy and dry seasons, respectively and a marked influence of the El Niño climatic phenomenon. Our findings suggest that elevated precipitation and temperature increase malaria infection risk in the following 2 months. The risk is influenced by the secondary vegetation and urban infrastructure near primary forest formation or water body edges. These results may help public health officials and policymakers develop effective malaria control strategies by monitoring precipitation, temperature, and land use variables to flag high-risk areas and critical periods, considering the time lag effect.
Subject(s)
Malaria , Animals , Humans , Colombia/epidemiology , Seasons , Temperature , WaterABSTRACT
Elaborar inventarios de lutzomyia spp., sin considerar los estados inmaduros de dichos insectos, provee información parcial. Investigar los estados inmaduros de lutzomyia, es un reto y necesidad actual especialmente en áreas con transmisión de leishmania spp. El objetivo de este estudio fue detectar sitios de cría naturales, para un inventario de flebotominos adultos e inmaduros del municipio de Colosó (Sucre, Colombia). Los flebotominos fueron recolectados entre mayo y diciembre de 2009, en la estación experimental de fauna silvestre de Colosó. La detección de estados inmaduros se desarrolló por revisión directa de muestras de suelo y árboles, incubación de estos sustratos en laboratorio y por trampas de emergencia. La colecta de adultos se realizó por búsqueda activa diurna con aspiradores bucales en sitios de reposo, principalmente en bases, huecos y raíces tabulares de árboles. Se aislaron 44 inmaduros de flebotominos, de los cuales 32 correspondieron a las especies lutzomyia migonei, Lu. dubitans, Lu. serrana, Lu. cayennensis cayennensis, Lu. micropyga, Lu. evansi, Lu. gorbitzi, Lu. ovallesi y Lu. shannoni. Así mismo, se colectaron 1231 ejemplares adultos entre los cuales Lu. evansi, Lu. micropyga y Lu. trinidadensis fueron, en su orden, las especies más abundantes. Lu. migonei y Lu. gorbitzi constituyen, respectivamente, primeros registros para el departamento de Sucre y la Costa Caribe. Es necesario incluir muestreos de insectos inmaduros como información complementaria en estudios sobre flebotominos y así reunir información sólida para elaborar inventarios de especies señalando los potenciales vectores en focos de leishmaniasis.
Elaborating an inventory for Lutzomyia spp., without considering the immature forms of such insects, gives only a partial information about the species. Investigating immature phlebotomines represents a challenge and urgency especially in Leishmania spp. transmission areas. The objective of this study was to detect natural breeding sites, for an inventory of immature and adult phlebotomine community in the municipality of Colosó, Department of Sucre. Phlebotomine sandflies were collected between May and December of 2009, at the wild life experimental station in Colosó. Detection of immature stages was approached by direct visualization of soil and tree-substrate samples, incubation of substrate in laboratory conditions and use of emergence traps. Adult sampling was conducted by active diurnal search in resting places using bucal aspirators to collect the insects. Resting places were predominantly associated with tree trunks, such as holes in trunks and buttress roots. We collected 44 immatures of phlebotomine sandflies of which 32 belong to the following species: Lutzomyia migonei, Lu. dubitans, Lu. serrana, Lu. cayennensis cayennensis, Lu. micropyga, Lu. evansi, Lu. gorbitzi, Lu. ovallesi and Lu. shannoni. Also, up to 1231 adult individuals were collected and the most abundant species in descending order were Lu. evansi, Lu. micropyga and Lu. trinidadensis. The species Lu. migonei and Lu. gorbitzi are worth noticing given the fact that they represent new records for the Department of Sucre as well as the Caribbean Region in the country. It is necessary to include immature sampling as complementary information on phlebotomine surveys and in this way gather solid information to release proper species inventories with the remarks on potential vectors in leishmaniasis foci.
