[The higher level of anxiety as a significant risk factor in evaluating health and social self-feeling in students of medical university].

The success of adaptation of students to conditions of educational process in Medical University is determined by complex of accompanying socio-psychological factors. The level of personal anxiety determines severity of impact of these factors on psychosomatic state of student. The high level of anxiety among students in conditions of educating in Medical University can significantly and multi-componently impact their physical organism, success in teaching and social well-being. The purpose of the study is to determine prevalence of high levels of anxiety and their impact on health and social well-being of students of different genders, periods of study on budgetary and commercial basis. There is significant prevalence of high levels of personal anxiety among students of first year of education (57.0%), which tends to increase by fourth year (75.5%). The increased anxiety has significant impact on morbidity (correlation with anxiety levels τ=0.69 and τ=0.40 for men and women, respectively) and social well-being of students, their behavior and lifestyle. The female students are the most affected by anxiety factor. The belonging of students with high level of anxiety to budget or commercial group determines specificity their response to conditions of education in the Medical University. The obtained results should be used to improve efficiency of adaptation and psychological support of students in the process of education in Medical University. The high level of anxiety in students should be taken into account in preventive activities of preserving health of students as separate factor, impacting similarly with strong health risk factor on their physical organism and social well-being, considering gender and period of study on budgetary or commercial basis.

[IgG4-related disease of the breast]. / IgG4-svyazannoe zabolevanie molochnoi zhelezy.

IgG4-related disease is an immune-mediated disorder with tumor-like multiorgan involvement, elevated serum IgG4 level and specific histopathological appearance (lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate rich in IgG4+ plasma cells and storiform fibrosis). The article presents rare clinical and morphological observations of IgG4-related mastopathy in women with suspected tumor process. A strategy for the treatment of IgG4-related disease should be based on the results of pre-surgery histopathological examination, which may help to avoid unreasonable surgical intervention and choose glucocorticoids or rituximab as the first-line treatment.

[The typology of social predictors as a research tool of studying personnel crisis in Russian health care: The publications review].

In conditions of societal transformations, social institutions undergo significant alterations that are manifested by institutional inconsistency and dysfunctionality. The transformation of social professional structure of health care system resulted in change of status and trends of social mobility of social professional groups. The purpose of the study is to typologize social predictors of professional activity of physicians in health care of the Russian Federation. The social economic transformation and reforms of the National health care system of recent decades initiated trends of deprofessionalization in medicine, status inflation and marginalization of professional groups. The phenomenon of professional marginalization of physicians is discussed from perspective of the "concept of status inconsistency" by G. Lensky. In aurhoring typology low income of physicians, financial deprivation, reducing of prestige and relative status inflation of medical profession, professional stress, social frustrations and professional burnout are considered as social predictors of professional activity of physicians. The destructive consequences of status inflation are considered as social threat to preservation of manpower potential of health care of the Russian Federation.

[Heart damage in the combined types of systemic amyloidosis]. / Porazhenie serdtsa pri sochetannykh formakh sistemnogo amiloidoza.

The cardiovascular system is a common target of systemic amyloidosis (SA); amyloid light chain (AL) cardiac amyloidosis (AL-CA), the wild-type transthyretin (ATTRwt-CA), and mutant-type transthyretin (ATTRmt-CA) are the most studied types of SA. The literature describes only single cases of two types of SA in the same patient. OBJECTIVE: To identify and determine the clinical and morphological characteristics of combined types of SA in patients with biventricular chronic heart failure (CHF). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighty autopsy protocols for biventricular CHF deaths were retrospectively analyzed. Immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLCM) with antibodies to amyloid A (AA), serum amyloid-P (SAP), prealbumin, and immunoglobulin kappa (κ) and lambda (λ) light chains were performed. RESULTS: The myocardium showed a combination of different types of SA in 6 (7.5%) cases, including Alλ-CA+ATTR-CA, ALκ-CA+ATTR-CA, and AA-CA+ATTR-CA in 4, 1, and 1 cases, respectively. Macroscopically, the heart mass averaged 470±20 g; the thickness of the left and right ventricular myocardium was 1.5±0.2 and 0.4±0.1 cm, respectively; the interventricular septum averaged 1.2±0.2 cm; and the cardiac index was 0.008. The myocardium was dense, dark red with diffuse layers of whitish dense fibrous connective tissue; the heart cavities were enlarged. Microscopically, in 25% of cases, all heart parts had ALλ-CA that was characterized by massive amyloid deposits localized predominantly in the intramyocardial vessel wall, intermuscular connective tissue, and perivascularly. The myocardium also displayed small amyloid deposits of ALλ-CA and ATTR-CA in the intermuscular connective tissue and intramyocardial vessel wall. Amyloid deposits were located in different parts of the myocardium; there were also areas of co-localization of ALλ-CA+ATTR-CA. CONCLUSION: The combined types of SA occurred under the guise of coronary heart disease and the dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype. The combined amyloid AL-CA and ATTR-CA was generally localized in the interstitium and myocardial vessels. There were also small areas of co-localization of amyloid deposits, which were found mainly in the intramyocardial vessels.

[A case of the fracture of the temporal bone pyramid resulting in the fatal outcome]. / Nabliudenie pereloma piramidki visochnoi kosti, privedshego k letal'nomu iskhodu.

The authors report a clinical case of the fracture of the base of the skull with the concomitant damage to the sigmoid sinus, jugular vein, and internal carotid artery in the temporal bone pyramid. The injury was associated with massive bleeding from the external acoustic canal that resulted in the death of the patient.

Formation of carbon nanodots with different spin states in mechanically processed mixtures of ZnO with carbon nanoparticles: an electron paramagnetic resonance study.

Mixtures of zinc oxide with carbon nanoparticles, ZnO + xC (x = 0.1%, 1% and 3% by weight), were subjected to mechanical processing (MP) in a hermetically sealed grinding chamber. Using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, we monitored the evolution of spin centers in CNPs. While the initial CNPs were EPR silent, their short-duration MP (tMP) gave rise to emergence of low-intensity carbon signal. Increasing the sample temperature at tMP > 9 min induced CNP oxidation, which lead to a dramatic increase in the intensity of C signal. The oxidation process also manifested itself in the appearance of a photoluminescence (PL) band at ∼2.8 eV, which is characteristic for carbon nanodots with an average size of ∼2.7 nm. A limited amount of oxygen in the grinding chamber lead to different ways of carbon nanodot oxidation, depending on carbon content in the samples, which in turn influenced the characteristics of C EPR signals observed. The number of spins calculated per one CNP (NSOP) was found to depend on carbon content in ZnO + xC samples. Based on a detailed analysis of EPR spectral lines, we suggest the existence of a broad variety of relaxation mechanisms for forming C paramagnetic centers.

[Medical irradiation and health. Communication 1. Health of the stuff of X-ray rooms].

The analysis of primary and general morbidity revealed at annual inspection within 20 years of workers of X-ray rooms in St. Petersburg and for control--the group of medical workers not connected with radiation was carried out. It is shown that work of radiologists is considerably connected with alarm for the health at radiating influence. Radio uneasiness doesn't decrease with increase in length of service, but, on the contrary, accrues. Increase of primary and general morbidity in workers of x-ray offices is revealed.

Role of adipokines in obesity-associated hypertension.

It has been well documented that obesity is a major risk factor for the development of the hypertensive state. The correlation between body mass index and blood pressure level is well established. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms which contribute to obesity-related hypertension remain poorly understood. In the last years, we have realized that the white adipose tissue is not just an inert organ for nutrient storage and isolation but rather depending on the body mass index the biggest endocrinological organ. Thus, the possible contribution of adipokines to the blood pressure elevation becomes an attractive hypothesis to explain the hypertensive state that often occurs in obesity. In this review, we consider direct and indirect effects of main adipokines on structural and functional changes in the cardiovascular system.

Biocompatible photocrosslinked poly(ester anhydride) based on functionalized poly(epsilon-caprolactone) prepolymer shows surface erosion controlled drug release in vitro and in vivo.

Star-shaped poly(epsilon-caprolactone) oligomers functionalized with succinic anhydride were used as prepolymers to prepare photocrosslinked poly(ester anhydride) to evaluate their in vivo drug delivery functionality and biocompatibility. Thus, in this work, erosion, drug release and safety of the photocrosslinked poly(ester anhydride) were examined in vitro and in vivo. A small water-soluble drug, propranolol HCl (M(w) 296 g/mol, solubility 50 mg/ml), was used as the model drug in an evaluation of the erosion controlled release. Drug-free and drug-loaded (10-60% w/w) poly(ester anhydride) discoids eroded in vitro (pH 7.4 buffer, +37 degrees C) linearly within 24-48 h. A strong correlation between the polymer erosion and the linear drug release in vitro was observed, indicating that the release had been controlled by the erosion of the polymer. Similarly, in vivo studies (s.c. implantation of discoids in rats) indicated that surface erosion controlled drug release from the discoids (drug loading 40% w/w). Oligomers did not decrease cell viability in vitro and the implanted discoids (s.c., rats) did not evoke any cytokine activity in vivo. In summary, surface erosion controlled drug release and the safety of photocrosslinked poly(ester anhydride) were demonstrated in this study.

In vivo delivery of a peptide, ghrelin antagonist, with mesoporous silicon microparticles.

Peptides may represent potential treatment options for many severe illnesses. However, they need an effective delivery system to overcome rapid degradation after their administration. One possible way to prolong peptide action is to use particulate drug delivery systems. In the present study, thermally hydrocarbonized mesoporous silicon (THCPSi) microparticles (38-53 microm) were studied as a peptide delivery system in vivo. D-lys-GHRP6 (ghrelin antagonist, GhA) was used as a model peptide. The effects of GhA-loaded THCPSi microparticles on food intake (s.c., GhA dose 14 mg/kg) and on blood pressure (s.c., GhA dose 4 mg/kg) were examined in mice and rats, respectively. In addition, the effects of THCPSi microparticles (2 mg) on cytokine secretion in mice after single s.c. administration were examined by determining several cytokine plasma concentrations. The present results demonstrate that GhA can be loaded into THCPSi microparticles with a high loading degree (20% w/w). GhA loaded THCPSi microparticles inhibited food intake for a prolonged time, and increased blood pressure more slowly than encountered with a GhA solution. Furthermore, THCPSi microparticles did not increase cytokine activity. The present results suggest that THCPSi might be used as a drug delivery system for peptides.

Proteins and peptides of the salivary gland secretion of medicinal leeches Hirudo verbana, H. medicinalis, and H. orientalis.

The protein and peptide composition of medicinal leech salivary gland secretion (SGS) was analyzed in preparations obtained in July from three species--Hirudo verbana, H. medicinalis, and H. orientalis. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (molecular mass 10-150 kD and pI 3-10) revealed no distinctions in the distribution of over 100 silver-stained proteins. Differences were noted only in intensity of 10 protein spots at 30-90 kD and pI 4.7-7.5. Mass spectrometric profiling of SGS of the three leech species using the Zip-Tip/golden chip scheme and cation-exchanging chips CM-10 revealed over 50 components in SGS of each of the three leech species. It was noted that 30-40% of the individual masses of the SGS of each leech species fall within the masses present in SGS of at least one of the two other species. This rather small part of the total mass may be indicative of a high polymorphism of amino acid sequences or a high frequency of posttranslational modifications of the SGS proteins and peptides. Calculation of Jacquard's coefficient showed that H. medicinalis and H. orientalis are closest to each other in SGS composition, which is consistent with data in the literature on the phylogenetic relationship between these two species of medicinal leech. Comparison of detected molecular masses with those of six known biologically active compounds produced by medicinal leeches revealed their uneven distribution in SGS of each of the three medicinal leech species. This opens prospects for using certain species of medicinal leech for targeted therapy of various pathologies.

Mass spectrometric profile of the serum as a marker of experimental psychoemotional stress in rats.

Mass spectrometric profiling of blood serum from stressed and control rats was used for the detection of stress marker proteins. Profiling with reversed-phase chips revealed 6 discriminatory mass spectrometry peaks. Cluster analysis showed that the animals can be divided into 2 groups by the intensity of these peaks. One group mainly consists of stressed rats, while other includes control specimens. Profiling of serum samples after fractionation on reversed-phase magnetic granules allowed us to identify an 8910-Da biomarker. Our results indicate that mass spectrometric profiling holds much promise for the detection of stress markers in the serum.

Molecular interactions of acute phase serum amyloid A: possible involvement in carcinogenesis.

Acute phase serum amyloid A (A-SAA) is a well-known marker of inflammation. The present review summarizes data on the regulation of A-SAA expression, signaling pathways which it is involved in, its effects, and possible influences on progression of malignant tumors.

Two-dimensional electrophoretic proteome study of serum thermostable fraction from patients with various tumor conditions.

One of the problems of plasma proteomics is a presence of large major components. In this work, we use the thermostable fraction as a way to deplete these major proteins. The thermostable fraction of serum samples from patients with ovarian, uterus, and breast cancers and benign ovarian tumor was analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with MALDI-TOF(-TOF)-mass spectrometry. Of them, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein and clusterin are expressly down-regulated in breast cancer, whereas transthyretin is decreased specifically in ovarian cancer. Apolipoprotein A-I forms have decreased spot volumes, while haptoglobin alpha1, in contrast, is elevated in several tumors. These data are partly consistent with previous art studies on cancer proteomics, which involve mass-spectrometry-based serum profiling techniques. Serum thermostable fraction may be recommended as a good tool for medium and small protein proteome investigation, in particular, by 2D-electrophoresis.

Mechanism of adaptation of the vascular system to chronic changes in nitric oxide level in the organism.

We studied the possibility of directed modulation of the efficiency of NO storage in rats due to adaptation to the chronic changes in plasma NO level. The efficiency of NO storage increased during long-term maintenance of high plasma level of NO and decreased in NO-deficient states. The compensatory changes in NO storage capacity of vessels depending on its organism content represent a new mechanism of adaptation of the cardiovascular system to chronic excess or deficit of NO, while directed modulation of this process can be important for the protection of the organism against both surplus or shortage of NO.

Adaptation to hypoxia prevents disturbances in cerebral blood flow during neurodegenerative process.

The rats with neurodegenerative brain disorder induced by administration of a toxic fragment of beta-amyloid demonstrate weakened endothelium-dependent dilation of cerebral vessels, which attested to impaired production of endothelial NO. At the same time, toxic beta-amyloid fragment induced the formation of NO depots in the walls of cerebral vessels, which indirectly attests to NO overproduction in the brain tissue. Preadaptation to hypoxia prevented endothelial dysfunction and improved the efficiency of NO storage. Our results suggest that adaptation to hypoxia protects the brain from various changes in NO production during neurodegenerative damage.

[Molecular diagnostics of ovarian cancer using proteome techniques].

Ovarian cancer is most common gynecological malignancy which is difficult for early diagnostics. Development of new methods for diagnostics of ovarian cancer, especially, on early stage, is the urgent problem of modern oncology. A general approach to early diagnostics of cancer is a discovery of specific blood disease biomarkers. Ovarian cancer biomarker used in the modern art, CA125, has some drawbacks resulting in extensive research recently directed to this tumor diagnosis. In particular, it was shown the advantage of parallel use of several diagnostic biomarkers instead of the single one. Proteome techniques (two-dimensional electrophoresis, mass-spectrometry methods) in connection to bioinformatics represent a powerful tool for new biomarker discovery. In this respect, the best method of choice is shown to be SELDI-TOF (Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight) technique which combines chromatography protein chip application and mass-spectrometry-based detection. In this review, new ovarian biomarker data obtained by proteome methods are summarized.