ABSTRACT
Lichen is well-known for its various purposes. However, understanding the chemical composition and antimicrobial characteristics of Graphis cf. handelii remains insufficient. In this study, a new compound, graphinone A (1), together with three known compounds, handelone (2), 4-O-methylhiascic acid (3), and ethyl orsellinate (4) were isolated and structurally elucidated. Their chemical structures were established using comprehensive spectroscopic data (1D- and 2D-NMR and HRESIMS). Compounds 1-4 were tested for antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and evaluated for the alpha-glucosidase inhibition.
ABSTRACT
Myxospores discovered floating free in the bile of marine fishes from the south-central coast of Vietnam were identified using morphological and molecular methods, leading to the description of 2 new species. Ceratomyxa chauvanminhi n. sp. was detected in 16% (8/50) of cultured barramundi Lates calcarifer (Bloch) specimens, and Ceratomyxa sekoi n. sp. was found in 20% (5/25) of wild largehead hairtail Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus specimens. The spores of C. chauvanminhi n. sp. are very shallowly ovoid, slightly crescent shaped, and 11.5 ± 0.5 (10.7-12.4) µm thick, 5.8 ± 0.2 (5.4-6.1) µm long, and 5.5 ± 0.2 (5.2-5.7) µm wide. Their posterior angles are slightly concave at 158.7° ± 4.2° (151.3°-164.8°), and they possess 2 equal spherical polar capsules 2.5 ± 0.2 (2.1-2.9) µm in diameter. The spores of C. sekoi n. sp. are 5.6 ± 0.2 (5.0-6.1) µm long, 75.5 ± 4.8 (68.9-90.0) µm thick, and 5.5 ± 0.1 (5.4-5.6) µm wide, with 2 equal, slightly anterior spherical polar capsules 2.1 ± 0.2 (1.7-2.4) µm in diameter. Although C. sekoi n. sp. spores resemble those of species of MyxodavisiaZhao, Zhou, Kent, and Whipps, 2008, characterized by long tapering valves, genetic analyses distinctly place this new species within the Ceratomyxa Thélohan, 1892 lineage. This study contributes to the understanding myxosporean diversity in Vietnamese waters and highlights the difficulty associated with distinguishing between the genera Ceratomyxa and Myxodavisia.
Subject(s)
Fish Diseases , Gallbladder , Myxozoa , Parasitic Diseases, Animal , Perciformes , Phylogeny , Animals , Vietnam , Fish Diseases/parasitology , Fish Diseases/epidemiology , Myxozoa/classification , Myxozoa/isolation & purification , Myxozoa/genetics , Myxozoa/anatomy & histology , Gallbladder/parasitology , Perciformes/parasitology , Parasitic Diseases, Animal/parasitology , Parasitic Diseases, Animal/epidemiology , Gallbladder Diseases/parasitology , Gallbladder Diseases/veterinary , Fishes/parasitology , Prevalence , DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry , Smegmamorpha/parasitologyABSTRACT
Effectively utilizing MEK inhibitors in the clinic remains challenging due to off-target toxicity and lack of predictive biomarkers. Recent findings propose E-cadherin, a breast cancer diagnostic indicator, as a predictor of MEK inhibitor success. To address MEK inhibitor toxicity, traditional methodologies have systemically delivered nanoparticles, which require frequent, high-dose injections. Here, we present a different approach, employing a thermosensitive, biodegradable hydrogel with functionalized liposomes for local, sustained release of MEK inhibitor PD0325901 and doxorubicin. The poly(δ-valerolactone-co-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene-glycol)-b-poly(δ-valerolactone-co-lactide) triblock co-polymer gels at physiological temperature and has an optimal degradation time in vivo. Liposomes were functionalized with PR_b, a biomimetic peptide targeting the α5ß1 integrin receptor, which is overexpressed in E-cadherin-positive triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). In various TNBC models, the hydrogel-liposome system delivered via local injection reduced tumor progression and improved animal survival without toxic side effects. Our work presents the first demonstration of local, sustained delivery of MEK inhibitors to E-cadherin-positive tumors alongside traditional chemotherapeutics, offering a safe and promising therapeutic strategy.
ABSTRACT
Early and accurate detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) is critical for improving patient outcomes. Existing diagnostic techniques are often invasive and carry risks of complications. Herein, we introduce a plasmonic gold nanopolyhedron (AuNH)-coated needle-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor, integrated with endoscopy, for direct mucus sampling and label-free detection of CRC. The thin and flexible stainless-steel needle is coated with polymerized dopamine, which serves as an adhesive layer and simultaneously initiates the nucleation of gold nanoparticle (AuNP) seeds on the needle surface. The AuNP seeds are further grown through a surface-directed reduction using Au ions-hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution, resulting in the formation of dense AuNHs. The formation mechanism of AuNHs and the layered structure of the plasmonic needle-based SERS (PNS) sensor are thoroughly analyzed. Furthermore, a strong field enhancement of the PNS sensor is observed, amplified around the edges of the polyhedral shapes and at nanogap sites between AuNHs. The feasibility of the PNS sensor combined with endoscopy system is further investigated using mouse models for direct colonic mucus sampling and verifying noninvasive label-free classification of CRC from normal controls. A logistic regression-based machine learning method is employed and successfully differentiates CRC and normal mice, achieving 100% sensitivity, 93.33% specificity, and 96.67% accuracy. Moreover, Raman profiling of metabolites and their correlations with Raman signals of mucus samples are analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient, offering insights for identifying potential cancer biomarkers. The developed PNS-assisted endoscopy technology is expected to advance the early screening and diagnosis approach of CRC in the future.
Subject(s)
Biosensing Techniques , Colorectal Neoplasms , Gold , Machine Learning , Metal Nanoparticles , Spectrum Analysis, Raman , Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnosis , Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology , Animals , Gold/chemistry , Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methods , Humans , Biosensing Techniques/instrumentation , Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry , Mice , Needles , Endoscopy/instrumentationABSTRACT
Lichens are remarkable and classic examples of symbiotic organisms that have fascinated scientists for centuries. Yet, it has only been for a couple of decades that significant advances have focused on the diversity of their green algal and/or cyanobacterial photobionts. Cyanolichens, which contain cyanobacteria as their photosynthetic partner, include up to 10% of all known lichens and, as such, studies on their cyanobionts are much rarer compared to their green algal counterparts. For the unicellular cyanobionts, i.e. cyanobacteria that do not form filaments, these studies are even scarcer. Nonetheless, these currently include at least 10 different genera in the cosmopolitan lichen order Lichinales. An international consortium (International Network of CyanoBionts; INCb) will tackle this lack of knowledge. In this article, we discuss the status of current unicellular cyanobiont research, compare the taxonomic resolution of photobionts from cyanolichens with those of green algal lichens (chlorolichens), and give a roadmap of research on how to recondition the underestimated fraction of symbiotic unicellular cyanobacteria in lichens.
ABSTRACT
Copper is a crucial trace element that plays a role in various pathophysiological processes in the human body. Copper also acts as a transition metal involved in redox reactions, contributing to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under prolonged and increased ROS levels, oxidative stress occurs, which has been implicated in different types of regulated cell death. The recent discovery of cuproptosis, a copper-dependent regulated cell death pathway that is distinct from other known regulated cell death forms, has raised interest to researchers in the field of cancer therapy. Herein, the present work aims to outline the current understanding of cuproptosis, with an emphasis on its anticancer activities through the interplay with copper-induced oxidative stress, thereby providing new ideas for therapeutic approaches targeting modes of cell death in the future.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents , Copper , Oxidative Stress , Copper/metabolism , Humans , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Animals , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Neoplasms/metabolism , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Neoplasms/pathologyABSTRACT
Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) are artificial platforms that allow aquatic emergent plants to grow in water. Aquatic macrophytes and microorganisms attached to plant roots contribute to the remediation of the contaminated water through physicochemical and biological processes. The pollutant removal treatment performance is affected by various factors, including the plant species. In this study, several plant species, i.e. Canna generalis, Phragmites australis, Pennisetum purpureum, Cyperus alternifolius rottb, Kyllinga brevifolia rottb, and Cyperus ordoratus were investigated for their potential to clean-up water from the Hang Bang canal in Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam). Canna generalis, Phragmites australis, and Cyperus alternifolius were found to be suitable for FTWs with the highest performance compared to that of other plant species investigated. The organic and nitrogen removal rates amounted to 48-70 g COD m-3 d-1 and 0.7-1.2 g N m-3 d-1, respectively, whereas the reduction of pathogens was around 1.86-3.00 log. Furthermore, FTW systems bring other benefits such as improving ecosystem functioning and biodiversity, producing value-added products from plant biomass, as well as attracting the attention of communities, thus increasing social acceptance of environmental technology interventions.
Subject(s)
Water Quality , Wetlands , Vietnam , Biodegradation, Environmental , Nitrogen/analysis , Plants , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Cyperus , Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods , Water Purification/methodsABSTRACT
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on global public health and the economy. Although vaccines and antivirals have provided effective protection and treatment, the development of new small molecule-based antiviral candidates is imperative to improve clinical outcomes against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we identified UNI418, a dual PIKfyve and PIP5K1C inhibitor, as a new chemical agent that inhibits SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells. UNI418 inhibited the proteolytic activation of cathepsins, which is regulated by PIKfyve, resulting in the inhibition of cathepsin L-dependent proteolytic cleavage of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein into its mature form, a critical step for viral endosomal escape. We also demonstrated that UNI418 prevented ACE2-mediated endocytosis of the virus via PIP5K1C inhibition. Our results identified PIKfyve and PIP5K1C as potential antiviral targets and UNI418 as a putative therapeutic compound against SARS-CoV-2.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents , COVID-19 , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases , Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) , SARS-CoV-2 , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus , Virus Internalization , Humans , SARS-CoV-2/drug effects , SARS-CoV-2/physiology , Virus Internalization/drug effects , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism , Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/antagonists & inhibitors , Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/metabolism , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism , COVID-19/virology , COVID-19/metabolism , COVID-19 Drug Treatment , Animals , Cathepsin L/metabolism , Cathepsin L/antagonists & inhibitors , Chlorocebus aethiops , Endocytosis/drug effects , Vero Cells , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism , HEK293 CellsABSTRACT
Oil pollution in the ocean is becoming more and more of a serious issue, which increases interest in both ways for combating its cause and methods for observing and monitoring how oil spreads. A promising approach based on an optical method with empirical relations for selected viscous oil-water systems is presented. Based on a modified melamine sponge (MMS), the microscopic spreading and oil capillary penetration phenomenon of the porous structure were investigated. The objective of this study is 2-fold: (i) to present a more thorough experimental description of the spreading of viscous oil lens on the water surface and capillary action of oil lens into MMS porous structure; and (ii) to provide a theoretical description that helps to explain some of the observed behavior. With knowledge of δ∞2=-2SρW/gρO(ρW-ρO), we can determine the spreading coefficient S. It needs to be pointed out that the oil lens floating on the water surface does satisfy Neumann's rule as the spreading coefficient of the air-oil-water system is negative (- 9.8 mN/m), indicating the ability to form a stable oil lens with thickness δO = 3.04 mm and radius RL = 38.64 mm after 60 min of spreading test. Furthermore, to better understand the capillary phenomena from a mechanical approach, an oil lens in contact with the surface of the MMS porous structure, by in-depth visualization, is properly defined as the balance of forces acting. Finally, as an illustration of this method, we utilized this approach to obtain the equilibrium height of the capillary rise and take it into account in terms of effective material thickness.
ABSTRACT
The coastal waters of Vietnam are home to a wide diversity of fishes, but the parasite diversity of these potential hosts is much less well characterized. To begin addressing this knowledge gap, we carried out surveys of myxozoan parasites in fishes collected from Nha Trang Bay in Vietnam's East Sea in 2018-2019. Mugilid fishes were collected in March-April 2018, January-February 2019, and November-December 2019, and examined for myxozoans. Myxospores consistent with those of the genus Ellipsomyxa were found in the gall bladder of four mullet species, and we thoroughly characterized those from Planiliza melinoptera. Myxospores were elliptoid and devoid of striation, with a distinct sinuous suture line. Polar capsules were pyriform and oriented toward the poles of the spore. Morphological features were compared to nominal species and this species from Vietnam was distinct. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial small subunit rDNA sequence revealed that broadly, Ellipsomyxa species split into three phylogenetic lineages, and although in some branches there are groupings by host family, habitat or locality, there are no clear phylogenetic patterns. The new species we encountered in P. melinoptera had a close sister relationship with Ellipsomyxa adlardi, with both species part of a larger subclade within the Ellipsomyxa lineage. Despite this phylogenetic similarity, these species were morphologically distinct, and partial large subunit DNA sequences were only 93% similar to each other. A combination of the morphological characteristics and molecular data suggest that this is an undescribed species and we propose the name Ellipsomyxa gordeyi n. sp.
Subject(s)
Fish Diseases , Gallbladder , Myxozoa , Phylogeny , Smegmamorpha , Animals , Vietnam , Fish Diseases/parasitology , Gallbladder/parasitology , Smegmamorpha/parasitology , Myxozoa/classification , Myxozoa/genetics , Myxozoa/anatomy & histology , Myxozoa/isolation & purification , Parasitic Diseases, Animal/parasitology , Parasitic Diseases, Animal/epidemiology , BaysABSTRACT
Urbanization and economic development cause water pollution in the inner-city canals and rivers globally. Bung Xang canal in Can Tho city of Vietnam is facing problems with water pollution due to the lack of centralized wastewater treatment plants and low public awareness on environmental protection. Perception of local residents was collected using structured questionnaires including both qualitative and quantitative information. Regression analysis was employed to evaluate the factors affecting the decision of respondents on the willingness to pay (WTP) to improve water quality in the Bung Xang canal. Knowledge about the environmental protection fee for domestic wastewater (10% of the VAT-excluded from the selling price of 1 m3 of tap water purchased), age of the respondents and their education levels affected the WTP positively, while respondents' perception on water quality affected the WTP negatively. There was 58.33% of the respondents showed the WTP for improved water quality in the canal. They agreed to pay a small fee of VND 10,000 to 15,000 (equivalent to USD 0.42-0.63)/month (1 US$= 23,700 VND). The result indicates that environmental education is the only way forward for a successful sustainable urban city.
ABSTRACT
Silk fibroin nanoparticles (FNP) have been increasingly investigated in biomedical fields due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability properties. To widen the FNP versatility and applications, and to control the drug release from the FNP, this study developed the Eudragit S100-functionalized FNP (ES100-FNP) as a pH-responsive drug delivery system, by two distinct methods of co-condensation and adsorption, employing the zwitterionic furosemide as a model drug. The particles were characterized by sizes and zeta potentials (DLS method), morphology (electron microscopy), drug entrapment efficiency and release profiles (UV-Vis spectroscopy), and chemical structures (FT-IR, XRD, and DSC). The ES100-FNP possessed nano-sizes of â¼200-350 nm, zeta potentials of â¼ -20 mV, silk-II structures, enhanced thermo-stability, non-cytotoxic to the erythrocytes, and drug entrapment efficiencies of 30%-60%, dependent on the formulation processes. Interestingly, the co-condensation method yielded the smooth spherical particles, whereas the adsorption method resulted in durian-shaped ones due to furosemide re-crystallization. The ES100-FNP adsorbed furosemide via physical adsorption, followed Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order kinetics. In the simulated oral condition, the particles could protect the drug in the stomach (pH 1.2), and gradually released the drug in the intestine (pH 6.8). Remarkably, in different pH conditions of 6.8, 9.5, and 12, the ES100-FNP could control the furosemide release rates depending on the formulation methods. The ES100-FNP made by the co-condensation method was mainly controlled by the swelling and corrosion process of ES100, and followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas non-Fickian transport mechanism. Whereas, the ES100-FNP made by the adsorption method showed constant release rates, followed the zero-order kinetics, due to the gradual furosemide dissolution in the media. Conclusively, the ES100-FNP demonstrated high versatility as a pH-responsive drug delivery system for biomedical applications.
Subject(s)
Fibroins , Furosemide , Nanoparticles , Fibroins/chemistry , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Furosemide/chemistry , Drug Delivery Systems , Polymethacrylic Acids/chemistry , Drug Liberation , Drug Carriers/chemistry , Particle Size , Animals , Humans , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform InfraredABSTRACT
Ehretia asperula is a medicinal plant of the Ehretiaceae family used to treat inflammatory disorders, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. The anti-inflammatory potential was determined based on enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition, which showed that the 95% ethanol extract (95ECH) was most effective with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 34.09 µg/mL. The effects of 95ECH on phagocytosis, NO production, gene, and protein expression of the cyclooxygenase 2/prostaglandin E2 (COX-2/PGE2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide (iNOS/NO) pathways in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells were examined using the neutral red uptake and Griess assays, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reactions (RTPCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The results showed that 95ECH suppressed phagocytosis and the NO production in activated macrophage cells (p < 0.01). Conversely, 95ECH regulated the expression levels of mRNAs for cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) as well as the corresponding proteins. In addition, PGE2 production was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by 95ECH, and the expression of iNOS and COX-2 mRNAs was decreased in activated macrophage cells, as expected. Therefore, 95ECH from E. asperula leaves contains potentially valuable compounds for use in inflammation management.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents , Cyclooxygenase 2 , Dinoprostone , Lipopolysaccharides , Macrophages , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II , Nitric Oxide , Phagocytosis , Plant Extracts , Animals , Mice , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/chemistry , RAW 264.7 Cells , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology , Macrophages/drug effects , Macrophages/metabolism , Phagocytosis/drug effects , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism , Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics , Dinoprostone/metabolism , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics , Cytokines/metabolism , Interleukin-6/metabolism , Interleukin-6/genetics , Interleukin-1beta/metabolism , Interleukin-1beta/geneticsABSTRACT
Background: Afatinib is indicated for advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and uncommon mutations. However, real-world studies on this topic are limited. This study aimed to evaluate afatinib as first-line therapy for locally advanced and metastatic NSCLC with uncommon EGFR mutations. Patients and methods: A retrospective study included 92 patients with advanced NSCLC with uncommon and compound EGFR mutations, treated with afatinib as first-line therapy. Patients were followed up and evaluated every 3 months or when symptoms of progressive disease arose. The endpoints were objective response rate (ORR), time-to-treatment failure (TTF), and adverse events. Results: The G719X EGFR mutation had the highest occurrence rate (53.3% for both monotherapy and the compound). By contrast, the compound mutation G719X-S768I was observed at a rate of 22.8%. The ORR was 75%, with 15.2% of patients achieving complete response. The overall median TTF was 13.8 months. Patients with the G719X EGFR mutation (single and compound) had a median TTF of 19.3 months, longer than that of patients with other mutations, who had a median TTF of 11.2 months. Patients with compound EGFR mutations (G719X and S768I) demonstrated a median TTF of 23.2 months compared to that of 12.3 months for other mutations. Tolerated doses of 20 or 30 mg achieved a longer median TTF of 17.1 months compared to 11.2 months with 40 mg. Median TTF differed between patients with and without brain metastasis, at 11.2 and 16.9 months, respectively. Rash (55.4%) and diarrhea (53.3%) were the most common adverse events, primarily grades 1 and 2. Other side effects occurred at a low rate. Conclusion: Afatinib is effective for locally advanced metastatic NSCLC with uncommon EGFR mutations. Patients with G719X, compound G719X-S768I mutations, and tolerated doses of 20 or 30 mg had a longer median TTF than those with other mutations.
ABSTRACT
Synthesizing reconfigurable nanoscale synthons with predictive control over shape, size, and interparticle interactions is a holy grail of bottom-up self-assembly. Grand challenges in their rational design, however, lie in both the large space of experimental synthetic parameters and proper understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing their formation. As such, computational and theoretical tools for predicting and modeling building block interactions have grown to become integral in modern day self-assembly research. In this review, we provide an in-depth discussion of the current state-of-the-art strategies available for modeling ligand functionalized nanoparticles. We focus on the critical role of how ligand interactions and surface distributions impact the emergent, pre-programmed behaviors between neighboring particles. To help build insights into the underlying physics, we first define an "ideal" limit - the short ligand, "hard" sphere approximation - and discuss all experimental handles through the lens of perturbations about this reference point. Finally, we identify theories that are capable of bridging interparticle interactions to nanoscale self-assembly and conclude by discussing exciting new directions for this field.
ABSTRACT
Previous results from the our research group have isolated numerous compounds, including novel ones, but the anticancer activity of Miliusa velutina has not been demonstrated. In this study, from the most active ethyl acetate extract of the stems of Miliusa velutina, seven compounds were isolated and determined structures, including a new drimane sesquiterpenoid compound named miliutine C methyl ester (1) and three bioactive alkaloids (5-7). These three alkaloids (5-7) exhibited strong anticancer activities against various cancer cell lines such as MCF-7, HepG2, HeLa, NCI H460 and normal fibroblasts. Especially, on MCF-7 and normal fibroblasts with values of IC50 (µM) in order for compounds 5 (3.38, 31.15), 6 (21.96, 102.00), 7 (7.90, greater than 300), to compare with positive control camptothecin (0.020, 4.51); which is highly noteworthy. These results contribute to elucidating and confirming the value of Miliusa velutina, similar to other published and folkloric findings.
ABSTRACT
Smart biosensors attract significant interest due to real-time monitoring of user health status, where bioanalytical electronic devices designed to detect various activities and biomarkers in the human body have potential applications in physical sign monitoring and health care. Bioelectronics can be well integrated by output signals with wireless communication modules for transferring data to portable devices used as smart biosensors in performing real-time diagnosis and analysis. In this review, the scientific keys of biosensing devices and the current trends in the field of smart biosensors, (functional materials, technological approaches, sensing mechanisms, main roles, potential applications and challenges in health monitoring) will be summarized. Recent advances in the design and manufacturing of bioanalytical sensors with smarter capabilities and enhanced reliability indicate a forthcoming expansion of these smart devices from laboratory to clinical analysis. Therefore, a general description of functional materials and technological approaches used in bioelectronics will be presented after the sections of scientific keys to bioanalytical sensors. A careful introduction to the established systems of smart monitoring and prediction analysis using bioelectronics, regarding the integration of machine-learning-based basic algorithms, will be discussed. Afterward, applications and challenges in development using these smart bioelectronics in biological, clinical, and medical diagnostics will also be analyzed. Finally, the review will conclude with outlooks of smart biosensing devices assisted by machine learning algorithms, wireless communications, or smartphone-based systems on current trends and challenges for future works in wearable health monitoring.
Subject(s)
Biosensing Techniques , Humans , Biosensing Techniques/instrumentation , Biosensing Techniques/methods , Biosensing Techniques/trends , Monitoring, Physiologic/instrumentation , Monitoring, Physiologic/methods , Monitoring, Physiologic/trends , Wearable Electronic Devices , Machine Learning , Wireless Technology/instrumentation , Wireless Technology/trendsABSTRACT
This report aims to examine the effects of impact velocity, impact depth, and impact orientation on the Cu-Ta weld joint of the explosive welding process via MD simulation. The findings indicate that the residual shear stress in the welded block mostly increases as the impact velocity rises. The bottom Ta block is more severely distorted than the higher Cu block due to the impact direction. During the tensile test, three stress zones can be identified including the low-stress Cu block, the high-stress Ta block, and the medium-stress weld joint in the middle of the samples. The weld joint position is lower than the median line of the welded block. The Cu-Ta welded block with 500 m/s impact velocities had the highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS) value of 6.49 GPa. With increasing impact depth, the atomic strain level, residual shear stress, and weld joint dimensions all noticeably increase. The Cu-Ta welded block with an impact depth of 7.5 Å has the greatest UTS values, measuring 11.65 GPa, because of its well-crystal structure. Changing the impact orientation does not result in a dramatic change in atomic strain. Orientation (001) vs (001) has the highest strain and stress rates. With an impact orientation of (110) vs. (111), the Cu-Ta welded block gets the highest UTS value of 8.03 GPa compared to other orientations.
Subject(s)
Copper , Copper/chemistry , Tensile Strength , Molecular Dynamics Simulation , Welding , Stress, Mechanical , Explosive Agents/chemistryABSTRACT
Despite their longstanding use in environmental remediation, constructed wetlands (CWs) are still topical due to their sustainable and nature-based approach. While research and review publications have grown annually by 7.5 % and 37.6 %, respectively, from 2018 to 2022, a quantitative meta-analysis employing advanced statistics and machine learning to assess CWs has not yet been conducted. Further, traditional statistics of mean ± standard deviation could not convey the extent of confidence or uncertainty in results from CW studies. This study employed a 95 % bootstrap-based confidence interval and out-of-bag Random Forest-based driver analysis on data from 55 studies, totaling 163 cases of pilot and full-scale CWs. The study recommends, with 95 % confidence, median surface hydraulic loading rates (HLR) of 0.14 [0.11, 0.17] m/d for vertical flow-CWs (VF) and 0.13 [0.07, 0.22] m/d for horizontal flow-CWs (HF), and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 125.14 [48.0, 189.6] h for VF, 72.00 [42.00, 86.28] h for HF, as practical for new CW design. Permutation importance results indicate influent COD impacted primarily on COD removal rate at 21.58 %, followed by HLR (16.03 %), HRT (12.12 %), and substrate height (H) (10.90 %). For TN treatment, influent TN and COD were the most significant contributors at 12.89 % and 10.01 %, respectively, while H (9.76 %), HRT (9.72 %), and HLR (5.87 %) had lower impacts. Surprisingly, while HRT and H had a limited effect on COD removal, they substantially influenced TN. This study sheds light on CWs' performance, design, and control factors, guiding their operation and optimization.
ABSTRACT
An advisory board meeting was held with experts in Vietnam (Hanoi, August 2022), to review the evidence on invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) epidemiology, clinical management, and meningococcal vaccines to reach a consensus on recommendations for meningococcal vaccination in Vietnam. IMD is a severe disease, with the highest burden in infants and children. IMD presents as meningitis and/or meningococcemia and can progress extremely rapidly. Almost 90% of deaths in children occur within the first 24 h, and disabling sequelae (e.g., limb amputations and neurological damage) occur in up to 20% of survivors. IMD patients are often hospitalized late, due to mild and nonspecific early symptoms and misdiagnosis. Difficulties related to diagnosis and antibiotic misuse mean that the number of reported IMD cases in Vietnam is likely to be underestimated. Serogroup B IMD is predominant in many regions of the world, including Vietnam, where 82% of IMD cases were due to serogroup B (surveillance data from 2012 to 2021). Four component meningococcal B vaccine (4CMenB) is used in many countries (and is part of the pediatric National Immunization Program in 13 countries), with infant vaccination starting from two months of age, and a 2 + 1 dosing schedule. Experts recommend 4CMenB vaccination as soon as possible in Vietnam, starting from two months of age, with a 2 + 1 dosing schedule, and at least completing one dose before 6 months of age.