ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The European Network of Trainees in Obstetrics and Gynaecology (ENTOG) is a non-profit, independent organisation that represents young trainees in obstetrics and gynaecology around Europe. At present, ENTOG has 32 member countries. The organisation was founded in 1997 and shall assure the exchange of experiences between young physicians all over Europe. The aim is to improve the quality of traineeship in all participating countries and consequently enhance the standards for women's healthcare. METHODS: This article reports about the experiences of trainees during the ENTOG Exchange 2017 in Slovenia and gives an overview of the trainee situations in different ENTOG member countries. RESULTS: The ENTOG exchange in Slovenia was a unique opportunity to get insights to the Slovenian medical system. Reflecting about their training situations, the participants found considerable differences in the training of young gynaecologists throughout Europe. CONCLUSIONS: Working on the ENTOG goal of raising the quality of training is still highly relevant. The ENTOG exchange is an excellent way to build a network among trainees and stimulate their commitment to improve women's healthcare in their home countries and beyond.
Subject(s)
Clinical Competence , Education, Medical, Continuing/standards , Gynecology/education , Obstetrics/education , Training Support , Europe , Female , Humans , International Cooperation , Physicians , Pregnancy , Slovenia , Societies, MedicalABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Despite complex surgical and systemic therapies epithelial ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis. A small quantity of tumorigenic cells termed cancer stem cells (CSC) are responsible for the development of chemoresistance and high rates of recurrence. OBJECTIVES: This review presents the CSC hypothesis and describes methods of identification and enrichment of CSCs as well as approaches for the therapeutic use of these findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A systematic literature review based on PubMed and Web of Science was carried out. RESULTS: The CSC model is based on a hierarchical structure of tumors with few CSCs and variably differentiated tumor cells constituting the tumor bulk. Only the CSCs possess tumorigenic potential. Other essential functional characteristics of CSCs are their potential for self-renewal and their ability to differentiate into further cell types. The CSCs are structurally characterized by different surface markers and changes in certain signaling pathways. Currently there are phase I and II studies in progress investigating specific influences on CSCs. CONCLUSION: Various clinical characteristics of the course of disease in ovarian cancer are aptly represented by the tumor stem cell model. In spite of precisely defined functional characteristics of CSCs, surface markers and signaling pathways show individual differences and vary between tumor entities. This complicates identification and enrichment. Current experimental findings in various approaches and even first clinical studies raise hopes for a personalized cancer therapy targeting CSCs.
