[The mechanism of action of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the immune system]. / O mekhanizmakh deistviia polinenasyshchennykh zhirnykh kislot na immunnuiu sistemy.

This article presents the literature materials about polyunsaturated fatty acids as nutritional immunomodulators.

[Standards for human physiological requirements in food substances and energy: a retrospective analysis and a developmental outlook]. / O normakh fiziologicheskikh potrebnostei cheloveka v pishchevykh veshchestvakh i énergii: retrospektivnyi analiz i perspektivy razvitiia.

The retrospective analysis of 4 variants of norms of human physiological needs in food substances and energy accepted in 1951, 1968, 1982 and 1991 is given. Dynamics of the scientifically proved specification of value of needs is revealed and the necessity of permanent development of conceptual base of normalization is determined. Last one is based on two natural laws of a balanced diet: 1) compulsion of conformity energy expense and energy consumption; 2) the value of consumption of the basic food substances (fibers, fats, carbohydrates) should be in limits of physiologically necessary quantity proportion and be accompanied by satisfaction of human needs in different nutrients.

[Nutrition in the pathogenesis, therapy and prevention of digestive system diseases]. / Pitanie v patogeneze, terapii i profilaktike zabolevanii sistemy pishchevareniia.

The role of nutrition in the pathogenesis, therapy, and prevention of gastrointestinal diseases is discussed. Although nutrition is not a leading cause of most gastrointestinal diseases, the role of nutrition in their pathogenesis is very great. Nutritional monitoring of the Russian Federation's population has revealed a shortage of many essential nutrients to be consumed, which may result in worsening of various gastrointestinal diseases. The most promising way of solving this problem is to supplement their diets with biologically active additives (Nutricevtics) which may be a main source of essential nutrients, such as vitamins B, beta-carotene and omega 3-polyunsaturated fatty acids.

[Carbohydrates in the nutrition of the Russian population]. / Uglevody v pitanii naseleniia Rossii.

Dietary intake of carbohydrates for Russian population increased from 50% to 54% of total energy intake at the expense of increasing of dietary intake of potatoes and bread products. This level of carbohydrate intake is in the normal value do not causing serious caution in relation to public health. Main resource of carbohydrates in russian diet is dietary intake of bread and bread products (about 53% of total intake), sugar and confections (25%) and potatoes (10%). Carbohydrates of fruits and vegetables make up about 5%, those of milk and diary food aso 5% of total dietary carbohydrates. Daily average intake of crude dietary fibers compose no more than 10 g per capita. Simple carbohydrates (sum of mono- and disugars) provide for about 20% of total energy intake and pure sugar gives about 12% of total energy intake of Russia's population.

[Morphologic changes of peripheral lymphoid tissue and liver in experimental animals under food deprivation]. / Morfologicheskie izmeneniia perifericheskikh limfoidnykh organov i pecheni éksperimentalnykh zhivotnykh v usloviiakh golodaniia.

Morphologic examinations of liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and groups of lymphatic follicles of small intestine (Peyer's patchs) of rats in condition of starvation were shown. Starvation of animals for 48 hours and most for 96 hours was caused statistic reliable decrease of body mass, concerning mass of thymus and liver. Centrolobular fatty infiltration and decrease of RNA and glycogen contents in hepatocytes of liver were shown. Decrease of content of small lymphocytes of T-dependent zones and alteration of cell's representation in B-dependent zones were discovered.

[Immune and metabolic effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids omega 3 in anti-atherosclerotic diet in the treatment of patients with ischemic heart disease, familial hyperlipoproteinemia and hypertension]. / Izuchenie immunometabolicheskikh éffectov polinenasyshchennykh zhirnykh kislot semeistva w-3 v sostave protivoateroskleroticheskoi diety u bolnykh ishemicheskoi bolezníu serdtsa, semeinoi giperlipoproteidemiei i gipertonicheskoi bolezníu.

Effect of antiatherosclerotic diet of 112 patients with cardioishemic disease IIa, IIb, and IV types was observed. Positive dynamics of clinical picture of disease, values of lipid metabolism and T-cell cents immunity were shown, particularly for patients with hyperlipidemy, which developed as result of effect of medium cents and genetic cents factors. Including to antiatherosclerosis diet polyunsaturated fatty acids of family (w-3) intensified hypolipidemic effect.

[The modulation of the function of the immunocompetent system and of nonspecific body resistance in rats with different ratios of essential fatty acids in the diet]. / Moduliatsiia sostoianiia immunokompetentnoi sistemy i nespetsificheskoi rezistentnosti organizma krys razlichnymi sootnosheniiami éssentsial'nykh zhirnykh kislot ratsiona.

The influence of dietary essential fatty acids on the immune functions and nonspecific resistance of male Wistar rats weighing 135.0 +/- 3.2 g was investigated after 3 months feeding. Rats were fed isocaloric purified diets containing 24% of fat (combinations of lard, sunflower oil and fish oil, eiconol, this providing the ratios of omega 6/omega 3 fatty acids equal to 1.1; 2.1; 6.1; and 49.0. An increase of immune responsiveness and nonspecific resistance in the groups fed diets with the minimal ratios of omega 6/omega 3 fatty acids as compared to that in rats fed a diet with ratio 49.0 was noted. Fatty acid analysis of peripheral lymphoid organs tissue lipids showed an increase in percentage of eicosenic omega 3 fatty acids in rats fed diets with increased content of polyunsaturated fatty acids omega 3.

[The effect of the omega 6/omega 3 PUFA ratios in the rations of rats on the eicosanoid content in the blood plasma and liver]. / Vliianie sootonoshenii PNZhK omega 6/omega 3 v ratsionakh krys na soderzhanie éikozanoidov v plazme krovi i pecheni.

Purified diets for rats contained 24% fat, with presented with the mixture of sunflower and fish oils whose combination yielded ratios of omega 6 to omega 3 fatty acids equal to 99 0, 49 0, 5 2, 1.9 and 0.12. The alterations in fatty acid composition of blood plasma and the liver were noticed, which manifested in increased omega 3 fatty acid levels in proportion to their dietary content. The elevation of PUFA proportion in the diet increased TBA-reactive substances in the liver. Using radioimmunoassay the levels of PGF2 alpha, TxA2 and PGI2 were determined. The decrease of arachidonic acid as part of tissue lipids caused an inhibition of PGF2 alpha formation in the liver, TxA2 and PGI2 in blood plasma, that showed a possibility of influence the ratio omega 6/omega 3 PUFA in a diet on eicosanoid synthesis by substrate regulation. These results suggest that for characteristics of dietary fat the ratio omega 6/omega 3 PUFA as a criterion reflecting the biological action of two families of essential fatty acids should not be used.

[Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the ration on the structure of peripheral lymphoid organs, immunological parameters and nonspecific resistance of rats]. / Vliianie polinenasyshchennykh zhirnykh kislot ratsiona na strukturu perifericheskikh limfoidnykh organov, immunologicheskie pokazateli i nespetsificheskuiu rezistentnost' organizma krys.

It has been established that the fatty component of the ration, with the rest ingredients being unchanged, alters the immunologic status of the body. When fatty portion of the ration was substituted for sunflower oil (omega 6) active macrophage-plasmocytic reaction in the lymphoid organs, elevation of the humoral immunity parameters and suppression of the T-cell system were recorded. The reaction to immunization was less pronounced when equal ratios of sunflower and ichtyenic oils were used. When the fatty component of the ration was completely substituted for ichtyenic oil, a decrease in T-lymphocyte number and focal necrotic changes in the lymphoid organs were observed. The fatty component of the rations used produced no significant effect on the bactericidal activity of the blood serum.

[Nutrition and the problem of maternal and neonatal health]. / Pitanie i voprosy zdorov'ia materi i novorozhdennogo.

Actual nutrition patterns of pregnant women, breast-feeding mothers, and young children were analysed together with the breast milk composition in different regions of this country. The influence of maternal nutrition on the breast milk composition and infant health status is demonstrated. Special attention is devoted to the development and use of new food products for feeding healthy and sick children.

[Nutritional status of several population groups in the Far East and Extreme North]. / Sostoianie pitaniia nekotorykh grupp naseleniia Dal'nego Vostoka i Krainego Severa.

Studies of the actual nutrition and wide spectrum of biochemical, haematological, and anthropometric indices in the representatives of the native population of Kamchatka and Chukotka showed that along with the significant changes in nutritional patterns due to the added products, local sources of feeding (fish, sea mammals, deer meat) greatly contribute to fulfilling the physiological requirements and exert a specific effect on metabolic processes. This is mostly associated with the features of lipid metabolism as a result of marine fat intake. Recommendations on the rational nutrition organization in these regions are discussed.