Influence of climatic and hydrological factors on structure and composition of peat from northern wetland territories with low anthropogenic impact.

Northern wetlands ecosystems play an important role in the hydrological balance of neighboring areas, where they act as chemical barriers against anthropogenic and technogenic contaminations. Studied region is well known for quantity of peat deposits and the volume of peat resources. Peat can be considered as a highly informative marker for assessing change in environmental conditions. The study presents the results of the first investigation of peat samples, collected from representative ecosystems of northern wetland territories with low anthropogenic impact. Component and element composition of various peat types were studied in a relation to hydrologic, climate and sampling conditions. It was found out that organic and ash contents are more dependent on the type of the bog, than geographic location. Climatic factors are more important for the formation of bitumen. The degradation degree in peat increases proportionally to content of humates. High content of biogenic and lithogenic elements was observed in transition- and low-moor peat. The content of trace elements in peat samples do not depend on the type of the peat. The structural properties of peat were studied by the light microscopy, AFM and dynamic light scattering. It was determined that the conformation of studied peat samples is characterized by elements of asymmetry. The observed particles in the solutions exist in dynamic equilibrium with separated globular macromolecules. The size of these nanoparticles is comparable with the size of the particles of other biopolymers of similar nature. Swelling of peat in liquid water was studied. The relationship between structural specificities, origin of peat and its maximum degree of swelling was found. The degree of swelling can be used as structural-sensitive parameter in further research.

[OPTIMIZATION OF PRECLINICAL TRAINING OF ANAESTHESIOLOGISTS BASED ON THE FORMATION OF PATHOGENIC SIMULATION LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS].

Simulation training has become an important component of the postgraduate training of anaesthesiologists for several reasons: organizational difficulties in obtaining primary professional skills in a clinical setting, the opportunity to study in a hospital existing pathology only and not planned in accordance with the curriculum. This increases the risk of medical malpractice of young specialist and study may be accompanied by complications and increasing the cost of treatment. In our work, we have studied the factors of continuity of preclinical and clinical stages of anaesthesiologists training in inhalation anaesthesia based on the use of modern simulation technologies. We compared the training programs and the results of traditional and simulation techniques, defined the concept of quasi physiology and propedeutics of robots and simulators, the role of clinical scenarios and reliability of robots of 6th level of realism in the formation of pathogenic environment for simulation training. In formulating the concept of pathogenetic simulation environment, we evaluated its impact on the motivation of the trainees of studied category. The study included 23 interns, divided approximately in half into 2 groups, the 1st of which at the preclinical stage of training was trained at the real operating theater gradually studying the technique of inhalation anaesthesia with an experienced curator The 2nd group studied the same anaesthesia in clinical scenarios of a simulator robot in a simulation operating theater Other components of the curriculum in the groups did not differ. According to the results of pre-clinical training interns started prforming an anaesthesia their self under the control of supervisor (i.e. to the clinical stage). In the 1st group, a supervisor made the verdict of readiness for clinical stage, and in the 2nd trainees were tested by the performing a robotic anaesthesia maintaining targeted qualitative and quantitative parameters. The evaluation was conducted according to the quality and stability criteria of five consecutive "independent" anaesthesia, where the highest scores were 100 points, confered by a supervisor. We found that for interns' admission to the clinical stage in the 1st group, it took significantly more educational anaesthesia than in 2nd group. It was also indirectly proved expectedly greater regularity and predictability of anesthesia simulation workshops. Based on the example of the clinical scenario of inhalation anesthesia we showed a possibility of formation of pathogenic simulation environment without excessive dramatization of studing environment, while maintaining the motivation of trainees. Thus, simulation training is more efficient than traditional schemes, in terms of providing the rational use of robotic systems of 6th level of realism.

[Simulation technologies in anesthesiology, resuscitation and intensive care: state of the problem].

The foundation of simulation technologies application in educational process is presented in the article. It is described difficulties during anesthesiologists-resuscitators training and education of physicians of not intensive care specialty in intensive care methods. It was emphasized that new innovative educational stage is formed at present time. It is simulation stage between preclinical and clinical stages. Theoretical foundation and practical evidence of efficiency of simulation training are expressed in detail.

[Ultrastructural and functional features of atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes].

Two different cardial cell clones--atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes--form independently during fetal life. These cells possess absolutely different properties and functions, which play the main role in the development and clinical manifestations of a large number of diseases. Atrial pathology, atrial dilation in particular, determines the development of clinically significant heart decompensation, and underlies the occurrence of life-threatening arrhythmias and thromboembolic complications. The knowledge of features of the ultrastructural organization of atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes as well as factors which influence the processes of their differentiation and development facilitates understanding the mechanisms of the forming of various heart diseases, and makes it possible to outline the ways of their prevention and correction.

[Experimental study of photodynamic effect on bacterial wound microflora]. / Fotodinamicheskoe vozdeistvie na bakterial'nuiu mikrofloru v éksperimente.

The in vitro study of the influence of photodynamic action (with the use of photosensitizer "Photosens", laser and non-laser irradiation) on the strains of the main representatives purulent wound microflora was carried out. Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis cultures have been isolated from wound secretions and identified. The photosensitizer was shown to produce no bactericidal effect by itself. Irradiation with laser and non-laser light sources induced a sharp decrease in the number of viable cells in the cultures under study. The irradiation of the photosensitizer led to its activation, manifested in bactericidal action. The results thus obtained confirm good prospect of using photodynamic therapy for the treatment of purulent wounds.

[New functional test using the antiandrogen niftolid for studying the gonadotropic reserves of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system]. / Novaia funktsional'naia proba s primeneniem antiandrogena niftolida dlia issledovaniia gonadotropnykh rezervov gipotalamo-gipofizarnoi sistemy.

A study was made of a possibility to use a nonsteroidal antiandrogen flutamide to investigate the gonadotropic reserves of the hypothalamo-hypophysial system. In healthy males aged 12 to 36, the intake of flutamide tablets at a dose of 10 mg/kg bw for 3 or 5 days was accompanied by an increase in the LH excretion and general gonadotropic activity in the daily urine by 1.5-2 times and more. An elevation of the gonadotrophin level in morning urine portions was less noticeable. The LH level in the blood plasma did not change, that of FSH and testosterone increased but in certain age groups. For purposes of functional diagnosis it was suggested that the gonadotrophin level in the daily urine should be studied prior to and after 3- or 5-day of flutamide intake.

[Androgen formation in the testes of hypophysectomized rats exposed to the antiandrogen niftolid (flutamide)]. / Obrazovinie androgenov v semennikakh gipofizéktomirovannykh krys pri vozdeistvii antiandrogena niftolida (flutamida).

The influence of 4-nitro-3-trifluoromethylisobutyranilide (niftolide, flutamide) on the blood plasma testosterone content, the level of the total and specific activity of testicular steroid- delta5-3beta-ol-dehydrogenase was studied in the experiments on male rats in the early (5 days) and late (30 days) periods after hypophysectomy. The operation completely prevents gonadal response to antiandrogen administration. The data obtained indicate that niftolide does not exert direct effect on androgen production in the rat testes.

[Participation of the hypothalamus in the pituitary and testicular responses to administration of the antiandrogen 4-nitro-3-trifluoro-methylisobutyranilide]. / Uchastie gipotalamusa v reaktsii gipofiza i semennikov krys na vvedenie antiandrogena 4-nitro-3-triftormentilizobutiranilida.

The effect of the antiandrogen 4-nitro-3-trifluoro-methylisobutyranilide (flutamide, NFBA) on the content of follitropine, lutropine and testosteron in the blood plasma as well as on the testicular activity of the steroid delta 5-3 beta-Ol-dehydrogenase (SD) has been studied in male rats with intact and destroyed hypothalamic median eminence. In sham-operated rats with intact hypothalamus the levels of lutropin, follitropin, testosteron and the enzymatic activity were 5, 2, 4 and 3-4 times as increased, respectively, under the effect of NFBA. After destroyal of the hypothalamic median eminence NFBA treatment did not change follitropin secretion, while lutropin, testosteron plasma levels and SD activity were only 1 1/2-2 times higher, i.e. significantly less as compared to those in sham-operated animals. The data obtained suggest the most important role of the hypothalamus in pituitary and testicular responses to NFBA administration.