Nimodipine: drug pharmacokinetics and plasma adenosine levels in patients affected by cerebral ischemia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Nimodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker used in the treatment of ischemic damage in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Recent investigations have shown that it is able to inhibit adenosine transport in human red blood cells and parietal cortex neurons. In this study we investigated the pharmacokinetics of nimodipine and the effect on plasma adenosine levels in patients affected by cerebral ischemia. METHODS: Twelve patients with cerebral ischemia (9 men and 3 women; mean age, 68.8 +/- 11.2 years; mean weight, 67.9 +/- 9.3 kg) were admitted to the study. They received nimodipine intravenously (a bolus of 0.03 mg/kg) and orally (single doses of 30, 60, and 90 mg) during different sessions. Blood samples for adenosine and nimodipine were collected at fixed intervals up to 480 minutes. Adenosine and nimodipine plasma levels were detected by HPLC methods. RESULTS: Both the intravenous and oral administrations induced a statistically significant increase in plasma adenosine levels (P <.001), which appeared to be related to the dose and route of drug administration. In particular, a 67.8% increase was observed after intravenous administration, and increases of 28.9%, 43.6%, and 60.2% were observed after 30 mg, 60 mg, and 90 mg of nimodipine, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters of nimodipine after intravenous administration were as follows: peak concentration (C(max)), 319.6 +/- 38.9 ng/mL at the first sampling time; area under the curve (AUC), 239 +/- 25 ng. h/mL; and terminal half-life, 3.12 +/- 0.97 hours. After oral administration, the drug kinetics was linear in the administered dose range and the pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: C(max)(30 mg), 46.1 +/- 5.8 ng/mL; C(max)(60 mg), 81.7 +/- 14.6 ng/mL; C(max)(90 mg), 131.6 +/- 16.3 ng/mL; AUC(30 mg), 119 +/- 25 ng. h/mL; AUC(60 mg), 256 +/- 48 ng. h/mL; and AUC(90 mg), 389 +/- 54 ng. h/mL. The half-life was similar to the values observed after intravenous administration, whereas the bioavailability ranged between 2% and 5.9%. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that the administration of nimodipine induces an increase in plasma adenosine levels, and we hypothesize that the drug activity could be associated, at least partially, with adenosine mediation.

Increase of adenosine plasma levels after oral trimetazidine: a pharmacological preconditioning?

Trimetazidine (1-[2,3,4-trimethoxybenzyl] piperazine) (TMZ) is a cellular anti-ischemic agent able to prevent intracellular ATP decrease, limit intracellular acidosis, protect against oxygen-free radical-induced toxicity and inhibit neutrophil infiltration. However, its definitive mechanism of action had not been identified. Recent studies showed the existence of an endogenous mechanism of cellular protection against ischemia, defined as 'ischemic preconditioning'. This mechanism was related mainly to cellular liberation of adenosine, a nucleoside with protective effects in myocardial ischemia. Since TMZ acts by increasing cell tolerance to ischemia and adenosine is the mediator of ischemic preconditioning, in this study we investigated a possible interaction between TMZ and adenosine. Two groups of patients affected by angina pectoris, were admitted to the study. They received a single oral dose of TMZ. One group was treated, during different sessions, with TMZ 10 and 20 mg, the other group with TMZ 40 and 80 mg. After a 3 day wash-out from drug administration, each group received a placebo. Blood samples were collected at baseline (time 0) and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 h after drug administration, in order to detect plasma levels of adenosine by a high-performance liquid chromatography method. We observed that the administration of TMZ at doses of 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg induced an increase of adenosine plasma levels of 19, 50, 62 and 62%, respectively. We hypothesized that the activity of TMZ could depend, at least in part, on adenosine mediation and this interaction opens a new interpretation of the drug antischemic effect.