Subject(s)
Battered Women/psychology , COVID-19 , Domestic Violence , Intimate Partner Violence , Social Work, Psychiatric , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/psychology , Causality , Domestic Violence/prevention & control , Domestic Violence/psychology , Domestic Violence/statistics & numerical data , Economic Factors , Female , Humans , India , Intimate Partner Violence/prevention & control , Intimate Partner Violence/psychology , Needs Assessment , Psychosocial Deprivation , SARS-CoV-2 , Social Support , Social Work, Psychiatric/methods , Social Work, Psychiatric/trends , Stress, PsychologicalABSTRACT
During assembly of the E. coli pre-replicative complex (pre-RC), initiator DnaA oligomers are nucleated from three widely separated high-affinity DnaA recognition sites in oriC. Oligomer assembly is then guided by low-affinity DnaA recognition sites, but is also regulated by a switch-like conformational change in oriC mediated by sequential binding of two DNA bending proteins, Fis and IHF, serving as inhibitor and activator respectively. Although their recognition sites are separated by up to 90 bp, Fis represses IHF binding and weak DnaA interactions until accumulating DnaA displaces Fis from oriC. It remains unclear whether high-affinity DnaA binding plays any role in Fis repression at a distance and it is also not known whether all high-affinity DnaA recognition sites play an equivalent role in oligomer formation. To examine these issues, we developed origin-selective recombineering methods to mutate E. coli chromosomal oriC. We found that, although oligomers were assembled in the absence of any individual high-affinity DnaA binding site, loss of DnaA binding at peripheral sites eliminated Fis repression, and made binding of both Fis and IHF essential. We propose a model in which interaction of DnaA molecules at high-affinity sites regulates oriC DNA conformation.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , DNA Replication , DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Escherichia coli/enzymology , Escherichia coli/genetics , Origin Recognition Complex , Protein Multimerization , Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism , Factor For Inversion Stimulation Protein/metabolism , Integration Host Factors/metabolism , Protein BindingABSTRACT
The onset of chromosomal DNA replication requires highly precise and reproducible interactions between initiator proteins and replication origins to assemble a pre-replicative complex (pre-RC) that unwinds the DNA duplex. In bacteria, initiator protein DnaA, bound to specific high- and low-affinity recognition sites within the unique oriC locus, comprises the pre-RC, but how complex assembly is choreographed to ensure precise initiation timing during the cell cycle is not well understood. In this study, we present evidence that higher-order DnaA structures are formed at oriC when DnaA monomers are closely positioned on the same face of the DNA helix by interaction with two oppositely oriented essential arrays of closely spaced low-affinity DnaA binding sites. As DnaA levels increase, peripheral high-affinity anchor sites begin cooperative loading of the arrays, which is extended by sequential binding of additional DnaA monomers resulting in growth of the complexes towards the centre of oriC. We suggest that this polarized assembly of unique DnaA oligomers within oriC plays an important role in mediating pre-RC activity and may be a feature found in all bacterial replication origins.
