ABSTRACT
Oman is at the threshold of eliminating blinding trachoma. We conducted a community-based survey in 2009-10 to study the association of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) status with visual acuity and blindness among the Omani population aged 40+ years. A total of 8191 eyes were examined and participants' demographic data were collected. TT was absent in 7890 eyes but 227 of these eyes had had lid surgery for TT in the past. TT was detected in 301 eyes, for the first time in 154 eyes and following lid surgery in 147 eyes. The rate of blindness was significantly lower in eyes that had undergone lid surgery in the past (OR = 0.54). In regression analysis the predictors of blindness were participant's age (adjusted OR = 1.01), sex (aOR = 2.01), history of lid surgery (aOR = 3.09) and residence in a hyperendemic trachoma area (aOR = 10.6). Promotion of TT surgery might be beneficial in reducing blindness.
Subject(s)
Trachoma/surgery , Trichiasis/surgery , Vision Disorders/epidemiology , Vision Disorders/prevention & control , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Blindness/epidemiology , Blindness/prevention & control , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Oman/epidemiology , Trachoma/epidemiology , Trichiasis/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Oman is at the threshold of eliminating blinding trachoma. We conducted a community-based survey in 2009-10 to study the association of trachomatous trichiasis [TT] status with visual acuity and blindness among the Omani population aged 40+ years. A total of 8191 eyes were examined and participants' demographic data were collected. TT was absent in 7890 eyes but 227 of these eyes had had lid surgery for TT in the past. TT was detected in 301 eyes, for the first time in 154 eyes and following lid surgery in 147 eyes. The rate of blindness was significantly lower in eyes that had undergone lid surgery in the past [OR = 0.54]. In regression analysis the predictors of blindness were participant's age [adjusted OR = 1.01], sex [aOR = 2.01], history of lid surgery [aOR = 3.09] and residence in a hyperendemic trachoma area [aOR = 10.6]. Promotion of TT surgery might be beneficial in reducing blindness
Subject(s)
Trichiasis , Trachoma , Vision Disorders , Visual Acuity , Blindness , Cross-Sectional Studies , EyelidsABSTRACT
Experimentally naive male Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 85-110 g) were used to examine the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization. Repeated administration of cocaine (15 mg/kg, ip) for 7 consecutive days produced locomotor sensitization. Pretreatment with iNOS inhibitors, L-N(6)-(1-iminoethyl) lysine (NIL) or (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG; 10 mg/kg, ip), 30 min before cocaine (15 mg/kg, ip) administration totally blocked the development of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization. Dopamine (DA) receptor binding in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) showed a significant decrease in the density of D(2) receptor and the affinity of D(1) receptor after cocaine treatment. Pretreatment with EGCG or NIL abolished the cocaine-induced changes in these parameters. These results suggest that iNOS may participate in the process of development of locomotor sensitization through the modulation of DA receptors in the NAC.
Subject(s)
Arousal/drug effects , Cocaine-Related Disorders/physiopathology , Cocaine/pharmacology , Motor Activity/drug effects , Nitric Oxide Synthase/physiology , Animals , Male , Motor Activity/physiology , Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II , Nucleus Accumbens/drug effects , Nucleus Accumbens/physiopathology , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptors, Dopamine D1/drug effects , Receptors, Dopamine D1/physiology , Receptors, Dopamine D2/drug effects , Receptors, Dopamine D2/physiologyABSTRACT
Four cases of CSF otorrhoea following surgery are presented. The etiopathology and its surgical management are discussed.