[Prostate biopsy under magnetic resonance imaging guidance].

Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most important problems in modern oncology. According to statistical data, PC ranks second in the cancer morbidity structure in the Russian Federation and developed countries and its prevalence has been progressively increasing over the past decade. A need for early diagnosis and maximally accurate morphological verification of the diagnosis in difficult clinical cases (inconvenient tumor location for standard transrectal biopsy; gland scarring changes concurrent with prostatitis and hemorrhage; threshold values of prostate-specific antigen with unclear changes in its doubling per unit time; suspicion of biochemical recurrence or clinical tumor progression after special treatment) leads to revised diagnostic algorithms and clinically introduced new high-tech invasive diagnostic methods. This paper gives the first analysis of literature data on Russian practice using one of the new methods to verify prostate cancer (transrectal prostate cancer under magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance). The have sought the 1995-2015 data in the MEDLINE and Pubmed.

[Efficacy of standard docetaxel and metronomic cyclophosphamide chemotherapy in patients with hormone-resistant prostate cancer: comparative analysis].

Fifty five patients with hormone-resistant prostate cancer were included in this retrospective controlled study. Chemotherapy with intravenous docetaxel (75 mg/m2 for 21 days) was performed in 30 patients, 25 patients received metronomic oral therapy with cyclophosphamide (50 mg/day). The central objective of this study was the comparison of overall survival in these groups. Pain management effectiveness, quality of life and PSA level were also compared. In docetaxel group the median overall survival was 15.9 +/- 1.7 months, in cyclophosphamide group 15.4 +/- 2.2 months (p = 0.5). Frequency of PSA level decrease was 76.7% and 44%, PSA response to therapy was observed in 46.7% and 12% of patients (p = 0.04 and p = 0.02). In docetaxel group pain reduction was achieved in 42.9% and in cyclophosphamide group in 31.3% of cases (p = 0.60). Grade III-IV hematological toxicity was observed only in docetaxel group (33% of patients), in 16.7% of patients receiving docetaxel the therapy had to be ceased due to adverse effect. Quality of live was improved in 26.7% of patients receiving docetaxel and in 16% of patients receiving cyclophosphamide.

Phase relationships between the rhythmic activity of cortical structures of the rabbit at different midbrain reticular formation stimulation frequencies.

An investigation of the phase shifts between rhythmic constituents of the electrical activity of the hippocampus, somatosensory, motor, and visual areas of the neocortex of the rabbit during an increase in the frequency of stimulation of the reticular formation from 60 to 1000 imp/sec revealed the fluctuating character of the decrease in the phase shift in the theta range in pairings involving the visual area and of its increase in the remaining pairings. In the delta range, at the same time, an increase was observed in the phase angle in pairings between the hippocampus, somatosensory, and motor areas at a stimulation frequency above 200 imp/sec, while in the alpha range the changes in the phase shift were variously directed in character.

[The phasic relations between the rhythmic activities of the rabbit cortical structures at different frequencies of stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation]. / Fazovye otnosheniia mezhdu ritmicheskoi aktivnost'iu korkovykh struktur krolika pri razlichnykh chastotakh stimuliatsii retikuliarnoi formatsii srednego mozga.

Phase shifts between the rhythmical activity of the hippocampus (CA1), somatosensory, motor and visual areas of the neocortex in the delta-, theta- and alpha-bands were studied during electrostimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation with different frequencies. It was found that increasing stimulation frequency resulted in nonlinear decrease of the phase shifts in the theta-band between recordings which included the visual cortical area, and increase of the phase shifts between the theta-rhythm, recorded in the hippocampus, somatosensory and motor cortical areas. In the delta-band increase of the phase shifts was observed only in the pairs of recordings from the last-mentioned group of structures at stimulation frequencies more than 200 1/sec. Phase shifts in the alpha-rhythm between the cortical recordings varied at different stimulation frequencies. Reliable changes of the alpha-rhythm phase shifts were observed during stimulation with the frequency 60-200 1/sec between recordings from the hippocampus, motor and somatosensory areas, and at 500-700 1/sec--in the pairs of recordings which included the visual cortical area.

[The cross-correlation relations of the electrical activity of the cortical structures at different levels of the activation of the midbrain reticular formation in the rabbit]. / Krosskorreliatsionnye otnosheniia élektricheskoi aktivnosti korkovykh struktur pri razlichnykh urovniakh aktivatsii retikuliarnoi formatsii srednego mozga krolika.

Changes of correlation coefficients and coherence of the delta-, theta- and alpha-rhythms were studied between the somatosensory, motor and visual neocortex areas, dorsal hippocampus and dentate fascia at stimulation frequencies of the midbrain reticular formation from 60 to 1000 imp/s. It was shown that correlation coefficient between the structures studied increased at 60-200 imp/s and decreased at the further increase of stimulation frequency. In pairs with the visual area the correlation coefficient changed but little. The delta-rhythms coherence tended to decrease with the increase of stimulation frequency. Coherence of the theta-rhythms between the neocortical areas and the hippocampus increased with the increase of stimulation frequency up to 200 imp/s and decreased at higher frequency stimulation while in pairs of these areas with the dentate fascia it continued to rise with the increase of stimulation frequency up to 1000 imp/s. The coherence of the alpha-rhythms was almost unchanged at 60-200 imp/s and mostly had an increase at higher frequency stimulation.

[Spectral characteristics of the EEG of the visual and motor cortices in the rabbit during stimulation of the reticular formation of the brain]. / Spektral'nye kharakteristiki EEG zritel'noi i motornoi kory krolika pri razdrazhenii retikuliarnoi formatsii mozga.

Study of amplitude-frequency characteristics of dominating spectral maxima in the delta, theta and alpha-ranges of the rabbit visual and motor neocortical areas has shown that an increase of the midbrain reticular formation stimulation frequency from 60 to 1000 imp/s leads to an increase in both area of dominating rhythms frequencies in the theta and alpha-ranges, and to a decrease of the alpha-rhythm amplitude. The theta-rhythm amplitude in the visual area declines while in the motor area a slight increase is observed and then a decrease. Characteristics of the dominating frequency component in the delta-range are determined by three types of oscillations with different types of dependence on frequency of reticular formation stimulation. The most significant differences between areas are manifest in the spectrum amplitude characteristics. Qualitatively similar changes are also seen in correlation of power of spectral ranges in both areas but quantitatively they are more expressed in the motor area.

[Dependence of the spectrum of electrical activity of the neocortex and hippocampus in rabbits on the intensity of the stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation]. / Zavisimost' spektra élektricheskoi aktivnosti neokorteksa i gippokampa u krolikov ot intensivnosti stimuliatsii retikuliarnoi formatsii srednego mozga.

Study of dominating spectral maxima in delta-, theta- and alpha-ranges of the electrical activity of rabbits' neocortex and hippocampus showed that an increase of the frequency of the mesencephalic reticular formation stimulation from 60 to 200 imp/s led in both structures to an enhancement of the theta-rhythm (up to 130% in the neocortex and 147% in the hippocampus) and suppression of delta- and alpha-activity (correspondingly up to 67 and 34% in the neocortex and 37 and 48% in the hippocampus) with subsequent weakening of this effect at frequency increase up to 1000 imp/s. In the hippocampus, the reticular stimulation was more effective with respect to the theta- and delta-rhythms, and in the neocortex--with respect to the alpha-rhythm. In both structures the theta-rhythm amplitude changed less than the amplitude of the delta- and alpha-activities. Dependence of the amplitude of dominating rhythms on intensity of reticular formation stimulation differed from the analogous frequency dependence of the same rhythms.