[Pharmacoprophylaxis of sea-sickness syndrome with the help of homeopathic drug "Avia-more"].

Anti-sea-sickness effect of a new homeopathic drug [see text] and its influence on operator's working capacity during Coriolis acceleration was evaluated in blind placebo-controlled investigation conducted in practically healthy volunteers with low vestibular resistance. For comparison "Dimenhydrinate" was used. The investigation has demonstrated that [see text] has rather strong anti-sea-sickness effect, is comparable with dimenhydrinate effectiveness and prevents the development of disorders in sensory-and-motor and cognitive functions during the influence of static-and- kinetic loads. According to the data obtained the protective action of [see text] is most likely connected with adaptive effect on organs and systems that form the functional protective system against sea-sickness. The negative influence of the drug on CNS complex functions was not observed that allows recommending its prophylactic use in subjects with low sea-sickness resistance including the operators.

[Spatial orientation of human on a background of +Gz loads and head movements].

Spatial orientation of six normal subjects (19-28 y/o males) was investigated on a centrifuge with a radius of 6.55 m by the method of subjective haptic vertical during head movements on the pattern of working head movements of pilots impacted by +Gz loads. The investigation showed that the trend and intensity of G-excess illusion could be related to the occurrence of tangential components of the gyroscopic moment +Gz vector in the utricle otolith plane.

[Problems of hearing loss in aviation engineers (professional and ecological aspects)]. / Problema tugoukhosti u spetsialistov inzhenerno-aviatsionnoi sluzhby (professional'nye i ekologicheskie aspekty).

Health standards for noise were exceeded 3 times when noise characteristics were measured at jobs and in apartments of engineers engaged in maintenance of modern aircraft. These specialists were exposed to noise in working hours and at night. Audiometry registered hearing problems in 69% of the examinees. 20% of them had hearing loss of the second degree. In engineers living closer to airports hearing was damaged more seriously, especially at frequencies 1000-8000 Hz. This fact demonstrates ecological implication of non-occupational acoustic load. Relevant regression levels were derived from correlation of noise doses with tonal hearing. Natural and experimental investigations proved efficacy of impedancemetry in objective assessment of noise-induced affection of the organ of hearing and hearing restoration in subjects occupationally exposed to noise.

[Current aspects of the noise problem in aviation medicine]. / Sovremennye aspekty problemy shuma v aviatsionnoi meditsine.

The authors discuss the problem of improvement the noise factor prevention in aviation medicine. The analysis of the real acoustic load on aviation engineer specialists, performing maintenance of the modern military aircraft have been given. The authors show the importance of the approach to the aviation noise as an ecological significant factor, that means taking into account the acoustic load during work time as well as during rest-sleep periods. The authors suggested the advanced complex of the preventive measures for the purpose of optimization of the noise exposure on the aviation specialists.

[Intersensory interactions as the basis of methods in enhancing resistance to motion sickness]. / Mezhsensornoe vzaimodeistvie kak osnova metodov povysheniia ustoichivosti k ukachivaniiu.

The paper considers how to improve prophylactic measures for air motion sickness. It outlines the results of experimental investigations to substantiate vestibular selection and training methods based on the use of polysensory vestibular and visual stimulations, somatosensory afferent effects and mental activity in the flight personnel during exercise tests. The developed methods are shown to have a high efficiency in providing good tolerance of vestibular stimulations during flight under the conditions of higher flying educational establishments at the stage of primary flying training.

[Aviation noise as an ecological environmental factor]. / Aviatsionnyi shum kak ékologicheskii faktor sredy obitaniia.

Average diurnal doses of noise, received by aviation engineers servicing up-to-date aircrafts and living near air fields, were analyzed. The doses appeared to outnumber the normal values, especially during the work and the sleep. The examinees living in 1-2 km from air fields were proved to have significantly higher auditory thresholds for 1,000-8,000 Hz, in comparison with the examinees residing 5-6 km apart. The excessive noise associated with no occupational matters worsens the hearing restoration after the work, promotes accumulation of the hearing fatigue. Those facts were proved by experiments with audiometry and impedometry. The studies stressed the importance of aviation noise as ecologic factor.

[Effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygenation as a factor of increasing the resistance of the human body to space flight conditions]. / Effektivnost' giperbaricheskoi oksigenatsii kak sredstva povysheniia ustoichivosti organizma cheloveka k vozdeistviiu faktorov poleta.

In four experimental runs (30 test subjects in 407 tests), the beneficial effect of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) on flight tolerance was demonstrated. HBO sessions (7-8 sessions of an hour in duration during 10-12 days at pO2 = 2 atm) helped subjects with poor altitude tolerance to increase the altitude ceiling by 1 km and reserve time at altitudes of 6-7 km by 3-4 min, the effect being persistent for 2-3 months. Statokinetic tolerance of subjects with medium motion sickness susceptibility grew by 2-2.5 times after the above HBO sessions. As compared to regular rest, the HBO treatment shortened two-fold the period of recovery of the health state and work capacity of operators, which went down during flight, and increased 15-20% the time of repeated work prior to failure in a stressful environment.

[Development of spatial orientation during pilot training]. / Razvitie prostranstvennoi orientirovki v protsesse osvoeniia poletov.

The problem of spatial orientation of pilots flying high-altitude aircraft is in the focus of present-day aviation medicine because of a growing number of accidents in the air. One of the productive lines of research is to study spatial orientation in terms of active formation and maintenance of its imagery in a complex environment. However investigators usually emphasize the role of visual (instrumental) information in the image construction, almost ignoring the sensorimotor component of spatial orientation. The theoretical analysis of the process of spatial orientation has facilitated the development of the concept assuming that the pattern of space perception changes with growing professional experience. The concept is based on an active approach to the essence, emergence, formation and variation in the pattern of sensory perception of space in man's consciousness. This concept asserts that as pilot's professional expertise increases, the pattern of spatial orientation becomes geocentric because a new system of spatial perception evolves which is a result of the development of a new (instrumental) type of motor activity in space. This finds expression in the fact that perception of spatial position inflight occurs when man has to resolve a new motor task--movement along a complex trajectory in the three-dimensional space onboard a flying vehicle. The meaningful structure of this problem which is to be implemented through controlling movements of the pilot acts as a factor that forms this new system of perception. All this underlies the arrangement of meaningful collection of instrumental data and detection of noninstrumental signals in the comprehensive perception of changes in the spatial position of a flying vehicle.

[Formation of images of spatial position during the development of illusions of vestibular origin]. / Formirovanie obraza prostranstvennogo polozheniia pri vozniknovenii illiuzii vestibuliarnogo geneza.

This paper discusses specific features of pilot's spatial orientation in response to spatial illusions of vestibular origin associated with their recognition and management. Analysis of data in the literature and observations by the present authors allow the conclusion that pilot's spatial orientation, once spatial illusions have emerged, makes him assess not only the instrumental information but also the pattern of his own controlling movements. As a consequence, it is suggested that in relation to the formation of a correct image of spatial position (particularly in the case of spatial illusions) pilot's controlling movements act as part of instrumental information concerning the spatial position of the flying vehicle.

[Various reactions of the human body during 7 days of anti-orthostatic hypokinesia]. / Nekotorye reaktsii organizma cheloveka v usloviiakh semisutochnoi antiortostaticheskoi gipokinezii.

Time-course variations in the cardiovascular parameters, vestibulo-autonomic stability, work capacity and nutritional status were measured in 20 male test subjects, aged 19-22, who were exposed for 7 days to head-down tilt (-10 degrees). Beginning with days 3 or 4, new hemodynamic ratios developed that indicated a new level of circulation regulation and adaptation to head-down tilt. It appears that blood redistribution towards the head led to an enhanced vestibulo-autonomic stability. Renal excretion of nitrogen increased, reaching the highest level on days 6-7. The investigations allow the conclusion that 7-day head-down tilt may cause changes in almost every physiological system.

[Illusions of one's position in space of vestibular origin in atmospheric flight]. / Ob illiuziiakh prostranstvennogo polozheniia vestibuliarnogo geneza v aviatsionnom polete.

Vestibular illusions (incidence, pattern, manifestation, negative effect on pilot's activity) that occur in the atmospheric flight were studied. A special questionnaire was used to interview anonymously 484 flying crewmembers. Spatial illusions were detected in 71.1% of the crewmembers; they developed in 50.6% when turns were performed and they were perceived in 76.2% as a false bank. Over 50% (54.3%) of the crewmembers interviewed reported that spatial illusions adversely affected pilot's performance and 3.6% of them indicated that they adversely influenced the flight program as a whole. Spatial illusions can be generated by various factors which should be taken into account in order to improve countermeasures against spatial illusions in the flying personnel.

[Dissociation of vestibular autonomic and sensory reactions]. / O dissotsiatsii vestibulovegetativnykh i vestibulosensornykh reaktsii.

The studies of healthy people and test subjects with vestibular reception disorders yielded data about relative independence of the vestibulo-autonomic and vestibulo-sensory reactions during routine vestibulometric and tilt tests. The subjects with a changed labyrinthine function showed a higher vestibulo-autonomic stability as compared to those with normal hearing. In both groups the sensory component of vestibular reactions did not differ significantly. Hemodynamic changes were found to modify some parameters of the nystagmic reactions.