[Effect of auto-road complex in the city of Surgut on air pollution and population health].

Currently, due to the increase in motorization, the problem of environmental pollution by emissions of objects of auto-road complex is becoming more and more important not only for cities, butfor dynamically developing regional cities. The negative impact is characterized by the increase of the morbidity rate of environmentally-dependent diseases, primarily respiratory diseases, neoplasms. This exposure is most pronounced near the motorways, at the gas station, and also spreads to residential areas, which requires the optimization of protective and preventive measures. Presented article is devoted to the characterization of air pollution of various areas in the city of Surgut due to emission of sources of auto-road complex with the assessment of public health risks.

[Sanitary-epidemiological situation in town Verkhnyaya Pyshma in 2006].

Information on medical and demographic as well as sanitary-epidemiologic situation in town Verkhnyaya Pyshma is presented. The town belongs to group of territories with unfavourable ecologic situation. It was shown that social, economical, and sanitary-hygienic factors influence on public health. Priority pollutants of environment and indicators of public health are presented. For solving problems of protection of public health, ensuring the sanitary-epidemiologic welfare and ecologic safety in modern conditions, more effective, accessible, and economical mechanisms of management of environment and public health should be introduced with respect to action of factors of economical and social development of municipality as well as to realization of national projects.

[Organization of fractional monitoring of ambient air pollution by suspended matter in Russia].

The authors consider the organization of a system for monitoring of ambient air pollution by suspended matter (by fractions of less than 10 microm and less than 2.5 microm) as one of the most urgent tasks in the harmonization of the Russian and western methods for assessing the quality of the environment. The frame plan for organization of ambient air suspended matter monitoring in the countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasia, and Central Asia, proposed by the WHO European Regional Office provides basic guidelines for this system and may be adapted to Russian conditions, as evidenced by the author's experience. The paper summarizes the basic results of the studies that have established the association of respiratory disease in junior schoolchildren with exposure to PM10 and PM2.5.

[Hygienic regulation of environmental air pollution with consideration of epidemiological data]. / O gigienicheskoi reglamentatsii zagriazneniia atmosfernogo vozduha s uchetom épidemiologicheskikh dannykh.

The authors hold that the maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) established in Russia for some ambient air pollutants can adversely affect human health and that they are worthy of reconsideration. This opinion is based on the published results of epidemiological studies of Western investigators and on the authors' own data obtained from the analysis by the time series method for a relationship of daily variations of dust or gaseous ambient air pollution to the so-called acute mortality or for that of the variations to respiratory symptoms and to the values of the maximum expiratory flow rate in preschool with or without respiratory abnormalities in their history; from the cross analysis of an association of the characteristics of atmospheric contamination in 13 urban areas with the prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases in junior schoolchildren, which was established by a special questionnaire. Particular emphasis should be laid on the reconsideration of not only established values, but mainly on the principles in laying down MAC for dust particles. The Western practice in measuring and evaluating risks separately for fractions of particles of varying sizes should be assessed for its use in Russian conditions; however, the authors' experience argues for this practice.

[Ecologo-epidemiologic studies in the social-hygiene monitoring system (experience in the Sverdlovsk region)]. / Ekologo-épidemiologicheskie issledovaniia v sisteme sotsial'no-gigienicheskogo monitoringa (opyt Sverdlovskoi oblasti).

Surveys made in the Sverdlovsk Region suggest that a procedure for evaluating a risk in combination with ecological and epidemiological surveys greatly enhances the potentialities of predicting and detecting human environment-related diseases and both approaches deserve a wide introduction into the socio-sanitary monitoring system.

Some considerations concerning multimedia-multipollutant risk assessment methodology: use of epidemiologic data for non-cancer risk assessment in Russia.

The highly industrialized small town of Verkhnyaya Pyshma (in the Urals region of Russia) was chosen as the site of a multimedia-multipollutant risk assessment using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency methodology. The assessment was based on routine environmental pollution monitoring data for ambient air, soils, drinking water, and food, and the international environmental epidemiology literature. Using an a priori set of the preliminary health-based criteria, we selected nine pollutants for risk assessment: total suspended particles (TSP), sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), ammonia arsenic, copper, cadmium, and lead. We used dose-response functions derived from epidemiologic studies to assess individual and population risks for TSP, SO2, NO2, As, Cd, and Pb. We assessed both cancer (for BaP, As, and Cd) and non-cancer (for all the chosen pollutants but BaP) responses, but in this paper we discuss only the assessments of noncarcinogenic risks due to TSP, SO2, NO2, Pb, and Cd as examples of how the quantitative estimates of health effects can be produced by using a risk function approach. We also schematically present a modified conceptual model of multimedia-multipollutant risk assessment taking into account the experience gained with this study.

[Some results of the used methodology for the evaluation of risk in the Sverdlovsk region]. / Nekotorye itogi ispol'zovaniia metodologii otsenki riska v usloviiakh Sverdlovskoi oblasti.

The authors represent a scheme of conceptual model for methodology to evaluate health risk caused by environmental pollution. The model is based on analysis of literature and the authors' experience.

[Evaluation of hazards caused by effects of lead on preschool children living near a copper-smelting plant]. / Otsenka opasnosti vozdeistviia svintsa na detei doskkol'nogo vozrasta, prozhivaiushchikh v raione razmeshcheniia medeplavil'nogo kombinata.

The studies conducted in Krasnouralsk (Sverdlovsk region) proved that environmental pollution with lead in the area subjected to releases by copper-melting enterprise creates significant risk of lead accumulation in preschoolers especially prone to unfavorable factors. Considering various environmental lead sources, biokinetic analog formation reliably forecasts serum lead levels. Soil polluted with lead, as the analog considers, is the most important environmental lead source. The authors suggest a system of prophylactic measures based on analysis of children's health risk caused by environmental pollution with lead.

[The mutagenic effect of beryllium on animals]. / Mutagennoe deistvie berilliia na zhivotnykh.

Experiments on animals have revealed that beryllium in toxic dose induces lesions of chromosomes in the bone marrow cells mostly because of chromosome aberrations. No mutagenic effect of beryllium on sex cells has been revealed.