[Six-month old girl with an anaphylactic reaction to rice flour, a rare food allergy]. / Een 6 maanden oud meisje met een anafylactische reactie op rijstebloem, een zeldzame voedselovergevoeligheid.

A 6-month-old girl had been admitted three times due to the sudden onset of respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms, paleness and a reduced level of consciousness. Various laboratory tests (including allergy tests) as well as microbiological and radiological investigations did not establish the cause. Only when it was noticed that the incidents followed a change of diet, did it became obvious that a reaction to food components was the underlying cause. A provocation test revealed an anaphylactic reaction to rice flour. Food allergy is a widespread problem within paediatrics; rice flour appears to be hypoallergenic, but can lead to immunological responses.

[Family with malaria: from the asymptomatic to life-threatening]. / Een gezin met malaria: van asymptomatisch tot levensbedreigend.

Five members of a Dutch family of Nigerian origin (three girls aged 1, 6 and 8 years and their parents, mother aged 32 and father aged 41 years), had been infected with Plasmodium falciparum during a visit to Nigeria. The mildest infection could be treated at home with oral medication. The severest case had to be admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit for respiratory support and exchange transfusions. Four patients were treated with quinine. A combination of atovaquone and proguanil was added, resulting in a quick decline of the parasitaemia. Whenever a patient is suspected of malaria, laboratory tests should be carried out immediately and treatment should be started as soon as possible, in order to prevent possible complications. The early recognition of any of the alarm symptoms, for example, lowered consciousness, abnormal respiratory movements, cold extremities, convulsions, hypoglycaemia, severe anaemia and a high parasitaemia, whether at casualty or the general practitioner's surgery is crucial.

Life-threatening heart failure in meningococcal septic shock in children: non-invasive measurement of cardiac parameters is of important prognostic value.

UNLABELLED: Heart failure is a life-threatening complication of fulminant meningococcal septic shock (MSS). Depression of left ventricular function, in particular, is thought to be due to circulating meningococcal endotoxin. Myocardial failure leads to ventricular dilation expressed by an increased left-ventricle end-diastolic diameter (LVED). With ultrasonography, LVED can be accurately measured as well as the shortening fraction (SF). In an evaluative study we investigated the accuracy of the SF and compared it to the accuracy of the Glasgow meningococcal septicemia prognostic score (GMSPS) in the prediction of mortality in children with fulminant MSS. In 27 children admitted in a 4-year period with a presumptive clinical diagnosis of fulminant MSS, hypotension persisted for more than 1 h despite volume loading and inotropic therapy. Seven of these children died (26%); all had an SF <0.30 and a GMSPS > or =10 (the sensitivity of both scores was 100%). Positive predictive values of the SF and GMSPS were 41% and 58% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: SF can be used in addition to other severity scores in clinical decision-making and contribute to the selection of children with the worst prospects for inclusion in experimental treatment studies.

[Drowning and near-drowning in children]. / Verdrinking en bijna-verdrinking bij kinderen.

Drowning and near-drowning are major causes of death and neurological damage, respectively, in children. The pathophysiological substrate consists of hypoxia, ischaemia, respiratory and metabolic acidosis and sometimes, hypothermia. Most cases involve aspiration of liquid; this leads to a persistent impairment of the gas exchange. Occurrence of arrhythmias and hypovolaemia is very likely. The main objective of treatment of the near-drowned is limiting cerebral damage. Treatment consists of resuscitation and stabilization, administration of oxygen with positive end-expiratory pressure, intravenous administration of liquids and central reheating. The prognosis depends in the first place on the duration of the submersion, which, however, is often difficult to establish. Submersion for over 5 minutes is prognostically unfavourable. In hypothermia due to submersion in ice cold water the prognostic factors are less clear--in these cases the treatment should always be continued until the core temperature is > or = 32 degrees C.

[Erroneously prepared oral rehydration solution life-threatening]. / Foutief bereide orale-rehydratievloeistof levensbedreigend.

Two male infants, 6 and 2 months old, children of immigrant parents, were hospitalised because of somnolence and diarrhoea. Both had severe hypernatraemia. The first died during venous cannulation, the second had convulsions with multiple cerebral haemorrhages and severe neurologic damage. Both had received oral rehydration fluid, prescribed by their general practitioner and prepared by their parents. These had dissolved the contents of the package in far too little water, which resulted in solutions that were seven times and twice, respectively, as strong as they should have been. Careful instruction regarding the use and preparation of oral rehydration fluid is of utmost importance, notably with patients with a different cultural or language background.