ABSTRACT
In his paper, we introduce a model of generalization and specialization of information granules. The information granules themselves are modeled as fuzzy sets or fuzzy relations. The generalization is realized by or-ing fuzzy sets while the specialization is completed through logic and operation. These two logic operators are realized using triangular norms (that is t- and a-norms). We elaborate on two (top-down and bottom-up) strategies of constructing information granules that arise as results of generalization and specialization. Various triangular norms are experimented with and some conclusions based on numeric studies are derived.
ABSTRACT
The study introduces a concept of relevance of fuzzy mappings regarded as fundamental constructs of granular computing and rule-based systems, in particular. The notion of relevance of the fuzzy mappings is instrumental in the quantification of the quality of such mappings prior to their detailed construction. For the purposes of such quantification, we introduce shadowed sets and discuss as an algorithmic framework to be instrumental in expressing and quantifying the property of relevance of the fuzzy mappings. It is revealed that shadowed sets provide an interesting three-valued quantification of this property (such as acceptable mapping, marginal mapping, and a lack of mapping). The paper includes a number of detailed calculations concerning two commonly exploited classes of triangular and Gaussian fuzzy sets. Numerical studies are discussed as well.
ABSTRACT
"The purpose of the study is to review some of the demographic trends which have substantial influence on social security budgets. Thus the authors deal with nuptiality and...[divorce] with changes in family and household structures...[and] especially with one-person households and one-parent families." Data are from 12 selected countries of Europe plus Canada and the USSR. The general trends observed include a decline in nuptiality, increasing age at marriage, high and increasing divorce rates, and an increase in consensual unions. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)
Subject(s)
Demography , Divorce , Family Characteristics , Marriage , Population Dynamics , Single-Parent Family , Social Security , Americas , Canada , Developed Countries , Economics , Europe , Financial Management , Financing, Government , North America , Population , Research , USSRABSTRACT
PIP: The author addresses some of the economic and social implications of the aging of the population in Hungary. The study is based on a paper prepared within the scope of the project on Economic and Social Implications of Changing Age Distribution in Selected ECE Eountries carried out by the Secretariat of the UN Economic Commission for Europe (Population Activities Unit, GEAD) with support from the UNFPA. The 1st part of this study outlines the demographic characteristics of the aging process. In the 2nd part of the paper, various kinds of dependency ratios are presented, and changes in the age distribution of the working age population are reviewed. To estimate the influence of aging on the level of total consumption, age profiles of consumption are applied, and changes in the costs of selected social services are assessed through age-cost profiles of education, health services, and old age pensions. (author's)^ieng
Subject(s)
Age Distribution , Aged , Demography , Dependency, Psychological , Economics , Population Characteristics , Population Dynamics , Social Welfare , Socioeconomic Factors , Adult , Age Factors , Developed Countries , Europe , Europe, Eastern , Hungary , PopulationABSTRACT
PIP: Probable changes in the size and structure of the population of Hungary up to the year 2000 are described. Four alternative hypotheses concerning the future are considered, but in all of them, the assumption is made that there will be an actual decrease in the total population by that date and that this will primarily affect rural areas. Consideration is given to the relationship between these demographic trends and socioeconomic development and to the implications for population policy. (summary in ENG, RUS)^ieng
Subject(s)
Forecasting , Population Characteristics , Population Density , Population Dynamics , Rural Population , Demography , Developed Countries , Economics , Europe , Europe, Eastern , Hungary , Population , Public Policy , Research , Social Change , Socioeconomic Factors , Statistics as TopicABSTRACT
PIP: The main topics discussed at a conference on population, urbanization, and the environment, held in Budapest, Hungary, from September 13 to 21, 1983, are described. The author notes that provision of the necessary data for the study of the relationship between urbanization and environmental factors represents a new challenge for statistical services. Preliminary steps taken in Hungary to respond to this new statistical need are outlined. (summary in ENG, RUS)^ieng
