ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In recent years, there has been an alarming increase in cases of gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) at our center due to drug abuse. So, we conducted this study to know the incidence of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and synthetic opioid abuse in cases of GOO. METHODS: This was an observational study involving consecutive cases of GOO diagnosed from September 2017 to February 2019. A detailed history, including drug addiction history and clinical examination, was done. Investigations included routine biochemical and hematological tests, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE), ultrasonography, rapid urease test (RUT), and histopathology of the diseased area. RESULTS: Among the 102 cases diagnosed with GOO, 62 (60.78%) cases had a history of drug addiction. The drug addiction history was as follows: NSAIDs and opioids in 56, opioids alone in four, and NSAIDs alone in two cases. The most common site of stricture was the second part of the duodenum. The features on histopathology were ulcerations of the mucosa infiltrated by eosinophils, plasma cells, and lymphocytes. CONCLUSION: There is an alarming increase in the incidence of GOO due to NSAIDs and opioid abuse at our center. Efforts should be made to control the indiscriminate use of these over-the-counter drugs to prevent dreaded complications.
Subject(s)
Analgesics, Opioid , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal , Gastric Outlet Obstruction , Humans , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects , India/epidemiology , Incidence , Male , Female , Adult , Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects , Middle Aged , Gastric Outlet Obstruction/chemically induced , Gastric Outlet Obstruction/epidemiology , Gastric Outlet Obstruction/etiology , Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Young Adult , AgedABSTRACT
The correct formation of the aortic arch arteries depends on a coordinated and regulated gene expression profile within the tissues of the pharyngeal arches. Perturbation of the gene regulatory networks in these tissues results in congenital heart defects affecting the arch arteries and the outflow tract of the heart. Aberrant development of these structures leads to interruption of the aortic arch and double outlet right ventricle, abnormalities that are a leading cause of morbidity in 22q11 Deletion Syndrome (DS) patients. We have recently shown that Pax9 functionally interacts with the 22q11DS gene Tbx1 in the pharyngeal endoderm for 4th pharyngeal arch artery morphogenesis, with double heterozygous mice dying at birth with interrupted aortic arch. Mice lacking Pax9 die perinatally with complex cardiovascular defects and in this study we sought to validate further potential genetic interacting partners of Pax9, focussing on Gbx2 which is down-regulated in the pharyngeal endoderm of Pax9-null embryos. Here, we describe the Gbx2-null cardiovascular phenotype and demonstrate a genetic interaction between Gbx2 and Pax9 in the pharyngeal endoderm during cardiovascular development.
