[Thoracoscopic repair of postoperative intrapleural complications]. / Torakoskopicheskaia korrektsiia posleoperatsionnykh oslozhnenii.

AIM: To justify and develop the indications for thoracoscopic procedures in patients with complications after advanced cardiothoracic surgery including combined and simultaneous operations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 2013 to 2017 was performed treatment of complication in 27 patients undergoing various cardiothoracic intervention with the use of thoracoscopic technology. RESULTS: We have analyzed immediate results of thoracoscopic operations in 27 patients with various intrapleural complications after advanced cardiothoracic surgery. Satisfactory results of these interventions confirm safety of thoracoscopic technologies and serve as an argument in favor of this direction in thoracic surgery.

APPLICATION OF APNEIC OXYGENATION IN TRACHEAL SURGERY.

BACKGROUND: The tracheal surgery is associated with opening of airways and historically used different methods of maintaining gas exchange: System "shunt-breathing", the injection ventilation, high frequency jet ventilation and even artificial circulation. In recent years increased the interest of use of apneic oxygenation (A 0). THE AIM: to study the impact ofthe application ofA o on the gas exchange, acid-base balance of arterial blood, in patients undergoing reconstructive surgery on the trachea and bronchi with AO. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 130 patients with stenotic disease of the trachea, operated in the period from 2011 to 2014 usingAO. RESULTS: Application ofAO provides a high level of oxygenation and is accompanied by a moderate increase in pCO2 level and the development of acidosis. Hypercarbia and acidosis were not accompanied with hemodynamic disturbances on ECG, heart rate and invasive measurement of blood pressure at high values of Pa O2.

[POSTRESUSCITATION CICATRICIAL TRACHEAL STENOSIS. CURRENT STATE OF THE PROBLEM - THE SUCCESSES, THE HOPES AND DISAPPOINTMENTS.]

BACKGROUND: Currently, the trend continues to increase the number ofpatients with cicatricial tracheal stenosis (CTS). Therefore, prevention and treatment ofthis disease remains topical. The main cause ofcicatricial tracheal stenosis is damaging the trachea during mechanical ventilation. The scheme ofprevention of this disease in Russia hasn't brought the desired results. THE AIM: to clarify the modern etiology of cicatricial tracheal stenosis, to identify the trend in incidence rates, to determine whether there is an optimal safe alternative to tracheostomy including the use of minimally invasive techniques, to improve diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm at various stages of assistance, and also to study the results of innovative operations and new ways of maintaining gas exchange. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 1128 patients with cicatricial tracheal stenosis was treated from 1963 to 2015 in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery and IMSechenov First Moscow State Medical University. Over time methods of di- agnosis, methods of anesthesia and operations have been varied. In this regard all patients were divided into two groups depending on the period of time from 1963 to 2000 (297 patients) andfrom 2001 to 2015 (831 patients). In recent decades there is a steady increase in the number of treated patients. So, if in the first group during the year operational treatment about the CTS 8,0 patients were underwent, in the second - to 55.4. Cicatricial tracheal stenosis appeared after lung mechanical ventilation at 1025 (for 90.9%) patients. They have undergone both radical one-stage treatment and multi-stage and sequential intraluminal procedures. In general there is a clear trend towards more aggressive surgical tactics. So, if in thefirst group, the tracheal resection with anastomosis was performedin 59 patients only, the second-330. Thefrequency ofpostoperative complications and mortality in the second group ofpatients was 12.9 and 0.7 %, respectively. RESULTS: Only a reasonable combination of all treatment methods, the principle of "every patient his own version of operation" allows to minimize the risk oftreatment and to get a good lasting result. Proof of such provision may be the fact that the frequency of complications and postoperative mortality at our patients have had a tendency to decrease and currently stands at 12.9 and 0.7 %, respectively for many years. It is 2.3 and 9.6 times less, respectively, than in the periodfrom 1963 to 2000. It appears that further reduction of these indicators will be at a slower pace, afurther solution of the CTS problem will be based on the prevention of disease. CONCLUSION: Prevention of cicatricial tracheal stenosis in the departments of reanimation and intensive care is currently inadequate. It requires fundamentally new approaches, but reform still has not brought the desired results. Diagnosis of the CTS at an early stage allows early treatment and to avoid complex and risky operations. Increasingly important, apart tracheoscopy for diagnosis of tracheomalacia purchase dynamic computed tomography and magnetic resonance - tomography. Treatment ofpatients with CTS requires a multidisciplinary approach, individual selection operations for a particular patient. The general trend of the further development of tracheal surgery is associated with an increase in the number of simultaneous resections, including at the long, two-level stenosis, as well as at relapse. The patients who had refused treatment or have elected him palliative options made possible surgery. The frequency of postoperative comnlications and mortality decreased significantiv, including after extensive and traumatic operations on the trachea.

[REVIEW OF THE CURRENT METHODS OF RESPIRATORY SUPPORT FOR TRACHEAL SURGERY.]

Currently, surgery on the trachea underwent significant progress including in the latest methods of complex resections and reconstructions of the respiratory tract. In this regard, anesthesiologist needs the knowledge and skills of using various special respiratory techniques. Modern respiratory methods in tracheal surgery are "shunt-breath", high frequency jet ventilation, methods of extracorporeal oxygenation and respiratory relatively new technology - apneic oxygenation. This review deals with the pathophysiologicalfeatures of each of these techniques. Searching for information was made on the database: Scientific electronic library, Central Scientific Medical Library, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science.

[Actual respiratory technologies in thoracic surgery: traditional problems and innovative solutions].

The problem of efficient gas exchange maintenance is always actual in anesthetic management of thoracic surgery and determines the selection of appropriate method of anesthesia. The article presents an experience of anesthesia during operations on lungs, trachea, bronchi and mediastinal structures performed from 1963 to 2015. Current concept of safety and efficacy of anesthetic management in thoracic surgery is presented. The role of actual current respiratory technologies and methods of anesthesia per se to maximize the efficiency of gas exchange in all stages of thoracicsurgery is emphasized. Absolute coherence of anesthesiologist and surgeon based on correct interaction is the most important condition of successful surgery. Effectiveness of special respiratory technologies for thoracic surgery associated with one-lung ventilation and prolonged wide dissection of airways is described. The research results and pathophysiological rationale for the use of special respiratory technologies including different variants of differentiated independent lung ventilation especially important for patients with concomitant cardiorespiratory pathology are presented. We reported experience of effective gas exchange maintenance in reconstructive surgery of trachea and main bronchi including traditional mechanical ventilation with "shunt-breath" system, use of jet high-frequency ventilation and relatively new respiratory technology such as flow apnoeic oxygenation.

[Comparison of modern methods of respiratory oxygenation during double level tracheal resection and reconstruction (clinical report)].

UNLABELLED: The problem of respiratory support in tracheal surgery is still discussed in recent days. Anaesthesiologist must choose the most effective and safe respiratory technique during tracheal resection and reconstruction. The article deals with a case of comparison of apneic oxygenation (AO) and high frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) during double level tracheal resection and reconstruction in patient with multifocal tracheal stenosis and underlying cerebral trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: AO and HFJV were used due to surgical need for 20 min each technique. PvO2, PvCO2, hematocrit, blood glucose, acid-base balance in the v. Jugularis interna, noninvasive arterial pressure, heart rate, ECG and body temperature were fixed before and after the changing of respiratory support type. Additionally peak systolic speed (S) of blood flow in the a. Cerebralis media sinister was fixed by transcranial Doppler ("Angiodin BIOSS", Russia). RESULTS: Oxygenation of venous blood was sufficient after the both HFJV and AO use; PvO2 was 67.6 and 74.3 torr respectively. Speed of PvCO2 increasing was higher during AO (1.46 torr per min) than during HFJV (0.73 torr per min). Increase of S was bigger during AO than HFJV as well (59 vs 37%). The changes of PvCO2 and S were normalized in 15 min after reconnection to conventional mechanical ventilation. Other fixed parameters were normal and same during the use of both respiratory techniques. The patient involved in the study did not have any neurological or surgical complications in early postoperative period. CONCLUSIONS: Both studied respiratory techniques provide sufficient blood oxygenation and can be accompanied with hypercapnia and cerebral hyperemia. These observations evident about the necessity to study the role of hyperoxia, hypercapnia and cerebral hyperemia in patients with underlying cerebral trauma undergoing tracheal resection and reconstruction. The study will help to make a strategy of the foreground use of HFJV and AO in these patients.

[Inhalation anaesthesia and total intravenous anaesthesia for hepatic resections].

Recently number of surgeries in patients with pathology of the liver increases. Therefore optimal and safe anaesthetic management for these surgeries is very topical. The article deals with analysis of 51 anaesthesia cases: 26 cases (51%) of multimodal balanced anaesthesia with sevoflurane inhalation and 25 cases (49%) of multimodal balanced anaesthesia with continuous propofol infusion. Both techniques provide optimal anaesthetic protection, however sevoflurane use influences on the liver metabolism more significantly.

[The role of immune monitoring in major liver resections from the position of the operative trauma and anaesthesia protection level].

Recently, the number of liver resection has increased, which requires adequate and safe anesthesia provision in this surgery area. Cytokine plasma spectrum is the one of the most important indicators characterizing inflammatory reaction intensity during and after surgery and postoperative period flow prognosis. Immune monitoring gives a notion about operative rauma features, liver damage severity, anaesthesia adequacy. Interleukin dynamics evaluation during liver resections is a topical theoretical and practical problem. The aim of this research was to evaluate the interleukins intraoperative dynamics in liver resection patients. Anaesthesia protocols were analyzed in 51 patients, 26 (51%) of which was a Sevorane multi-component balanced anaesthesia, and 25 (49%) - Propofol multi-component balanced anaesthesia. Intraoperative haemodynamics, metabolism, General and biochemical blood tests, coagulogramm, C3 and C4 complement factors dynamics, cytokines data were evaluated The obtained data testified systemic inflammatory response with a marked pro - and anti-inflammatory cytokines imbalance formation development in patients underwent organ-conserving and major liver resection. Sevorane use leads to a more pronounced anti-inflammatory cytokines synthesis in comparison with TIVA-group, the imbalance of pro - and anti-inflammatory cytokines is also more pronounced in Sevorane-group.

[Respiratory support in anaesthetic management for thoracic surgery and their comparative characteristics: over 2000 anaesthesia experience].

The article deals with the first comparative study of haemodynamics, gas exchange, and metabolic lung finction in patients with underlying respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Different anaesthesia and ventilation (conventional AVL, OLV differentiated ALV) techniques were used. Respiratory support methodology with the use of HFV or CPAP during the main phase of thoracic surgery in patients with severe associated cardio-respiratory diseases was developed. Indications for differentiated AL V in thoracic surgery were developed.

[Iatrogenic trachea and esophagus injury in intensive care practice: the surgeon's view"].

From 1963 to 2011 in the Department of lung and mediastinum surgery were treated 879 patients with trachea stenosis and 107 patients with benign tracheoesopageal fistula were treated in the Department of lung and mediastinum surgery from 1963 to 2011. latrogenic trachea and the esophagus damage was caused by long-term ALV in 87% of cases. Patients were aged from 5 to 79 years. 47.2% of patients came with functioning tracheostome. 25.7% of patients had a clinically significant respiratory disorder at admission, 10.2 % of which were life-threatening. Iatrogenic damage of the trachea was identified before extubation or decannulation only in 27% of patients. In such circumstances, prevention and diagnostics of iatrogenic injuries, as well as initial care alternatives takes on special significance.

[Assessment of anaesthesia sufficiency and stress response during liver resections].

Recently number of patients undergoing a surgery for primary and secondary liver damages is increased. Thus an adequate and safe anaesthesiological care for the surgeries is a very actual problem. The article deals with a study of anaesthesiological care in 51 patients. 26 patients (51%) received multimodal balanced anaesthesia based on sevoflurane and 25 patients (49%) received multimodal balanced anaesthesia based on continuous propofol infusion. Monitoring of haemodynamics, acid-base balance, common liquid volume, intracellular and extracellular liquid, stress hormones (cortisol and prolactin) was carried out during the surgeries. Haemodynamics and infusion and transfusion therapy were adequate during both methods of anaesthesiological care for liver resections. Strongly marked tissue injury during surgery causes neuroendocrine stress. Cortisol activity during anaesthesia based on continuous propofol infusion was less than during anaesthesia based on sevoflurane. This fact shows that propofol provides stronger protection than sevoflurane. Adequate level of anaesthesia does not cause outoregulative mechanisms suppression which is important during strongly traumatic surgery. Anaesthesia based on sevoflurane both to anaesthesia based on continuous propofol infusion is a method of choice for liver resection.

[Apneic oxygenation].

Recent technological advances in thoracic and tracheal surgery make the anaesthesiologist use different respiratory techniques during the operation. Apneic oxygenation is a one of alternative techniques. This method is relatively easy in use, does not require special expensive equipment and is the only possible technique in several clinical situations when other respiratory methods are undesirable or cannot be used. However there is no enough information about apneic oxygenation in Russian. This article reviews publications about apneic oxygenation. The review deals with experiments on diffusion respiration in animals, physiological changes during apneic oxygenation in man and defines clinical cases when apneic oxygenation can be used.

[High level thoracic epidural analgesia as a special component of anesthesia during thoracic surgeries].

This article is devoted to assessing the adequacy and safety of total intravenous anesthesia based on constant dosed infusion of propofol and high thoracic epidural analgesia in thoracic surgical procedures requiring an artificial one-lung ventilation in patients with concomitant chronic cardiorespiratory disorders compared to TIVA without a high thoracic epidural analgesia. Comparative analysis of gas exchange, metabolic rate, pressor, resistance and volumetric characteristics of pulmonary blood flow, central and intracardiac hemodynamics was conducted. We used high technology invasive monitoring system PICCOplus for transpulmonary thermodilution in combination with VoLEF for pulmonary thermodilution in changing modes of ventilation MV-MSL V-MV. MSL V lasted more than 1.5 hours.

[Etiology, prophylaxis and treatment of extensive, multifocal cicatricial tracheal stenosis at the junction of sciences--surgery and anesthesia].

759 patients with cucatritial stenosis of trachea were treated in the Russian Scientific Center of Surgery in the period from 1963 to 2009. Extensive or multifocal stenosis was diagnosed in 172 patients. 157 patients were previously operated in other hospitals. The lesion of larynx during admission was diagnosed in 122 cases. All patients were operated in compliance with the principle of alternation methods of anesthesia and respiratory support. As a result of consistent application of the landmark reconstructive-plastic operations and resection in combination with endoscopic surgery good results were achieved. Based on the data, treatment algorithm of extended and multifocal cicatricial stenosis of the trachea was developed.