Effect of anabolic implants on beef intramuscular lipid content.

Sixty ribeye steaks were used to determine the effects of anabolic implants on i.m. lipid composition of beef steers. Steaks were obtained from carcasses (346 kg) of steers assigned to four treatment groups (C = nonimplanted control; ET = 28 mg of estradiol benzoate plus 200 mg of trenbolone acetate on d 0; ET/ET = ET on d 0 and d 61; and S/ET = 20 mg of estradiol benzoate plus 200 mg of progesterone on d 0 and ET on d 61) and fed a high-concentrate diet for 127 d. Total fatty acid content of the longissimus was less (P < .05) for implanted steers. Implanting increased (P < .05) stearic and linolenic acid percentages and reduced (P < .05) oleic acid percentage but did not alter (P > .05) percentages of other fatty acids. These changes translated into increased (P < .05) percentages of saturated fatty acids and reduced (P < .05) monounsaturated fatty acids in the longissimus of implanted steers. However, on a per-steak weight basis, implanting did not alter (P > .05) the amounts of any of the individual fatty acids, but it increased (P < .05) the total cholesterol amount. Implanting with an estrogenic compound first reduced (P < .05) the percentage and total amounts of linoleic and polyunsaturated fatty acids. On a percentage basis, implanting alters fatty acid amounts; however, when the increase in ribeye size with implanting is accounted for and fatty acids are evaluated on a per-steak basis, these differences are not significant.

Microorganisms cultured from the anterior chamber of ruptured globes at the time of repair.

PURPOSE: We studied events leading to the development of posttraumatic endophthalmitis by examining the significance of 15 factors on microbial contamination of injured eyes. METHODS: A prospective study was done of 30 ruptured globes in patients admitted to an urban medical center. Cultures were taken from the conjunctiva before and after preoperative disinfection and from the anterior chamber at the beginning and end of wound repair. Twenty-five of 30 patients received a three-day regimen of intravenous antibiotics that were begun before surgery. RESULTS: Anterior chamber samples grew microorganisms in ten (33%) of 30 eyes, with positive cultures recovered from specimens taken at the beginning of wound repair in eight eyes and at the end of wound repair in six eyes. Contamination with indigenous flora may have occurred at the time of injury in one eye and during repair in another eye. Microbes recovered included Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, and Aspergillus species. No patient developed endophthalmitis. Of the 15 factors studied, only intravenous antibiotics significantly decreased the incidence of positive anterior chamber cultures in eyes treated before wound repair compared with eyes not receiving such therapy (P = .002). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the frequency of anterior chamber microbial contamination during injury or repair of the wound, with our treatment protocol and the presence of physiologic mechanisms to reduce intraocular microbes, no eyes developed clinical endophthalmitis. With our limited sample size only intravenous antibiotic therapy was found significantly to reduce anterior chamber microorganisms at the time of surgical repair, supporting their prophylactic use against the development of posttraumatic endophthalmitis.

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I-associated retinal lymphoma. A clinicopathologic report.

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I has been associated with a wide range of ocular conditions, including neoplastic, infectious, and inflammatory lesions. We studied a patient infected with human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I who presented with deep retinal and subretinal infiltrates but without cells in the vitreous. The differential diagnosis included intraocular lymphoma and fungus infection. A chorioretinal biopsy specimen obtained for tissue diagnosis disclosed large atypical mononuclear cells located primarily at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium but focally involving overlying retina. Electron microscopy of this infiltrate showed features consistent with adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia. Infection by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I was verified by polymerase chain reaction studies conducted on peripheral-blood mononuclear cells. This case emphasizes the occurrence of intraocular lesions in adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia that clinically show some features similar to those of the usual ocular lymphoma (reticulum cell sarcoma); diagnosis can be established by chorioretinal biopsy, thereby allowing appropriate therapy.

Recurrent choroidal neovascularization after laser photocoagulation in Sorsby's fundus dystrophy.

BACKGROUND: Patients with autosomal dominant Sorsby's fundus dystrophy are at high risk of severe visual loss due to choroidal neovascularization (CNV) during the fourth or fifth decade of life. METHODS: To assess the efficacy of argon laser photocoagulation for extrafoveal well-defined CNV, we analyzed retrospectively the clinical course in 10 eyes of 7 patients who had Sorsby's fundus dystrophy with CNV 200 microns to 2,500 microns from the center of the foveal avascular zone, and who subsequently underwent laser photocoagulation. RESULTS: All treated eyes developed severe visual loss as a consequence of recurrent or persistent CNV occurring on the foveal side of the treatment scar, which extended under the fovea. The average time until occurrence of angiographically documented CNV after initial treatment was 8.1 +/- 8.9 weeks, but ranged from 2 weeks to 32 weeks. Retreatment for persistent or recurrent extrafoveal CNV was performed in 5 eyes, but CNV recurred in all 5. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study suggest that the risk of persistence or recurrence of CNV after laser photocoagulation for extrafoveal CNV is unusually high in patients with Sorsby's fundus dystrophy, and that this treatment is ineffective in preventing severe visual loss in such patients.

Effects of time on feed on beef nutrient composition.

Forty-eight Angus x Hereford yearling steers were used to assess the effect of time on feed (TOF) on the nutrient composition of beef longissimus muscle (LM). Steers were fed a high-concentrate diet with the exception of the d-0 group, which served as a grass-fed control, and then were serially slaughtered at 28-d intervals during the 196-d feeding period. Steaks were removed from the 10th rib and trimmed of exterior fat and epimysial connective tissue before nutrient analysis. Intramuscular fat content doubled (P < .05) between d 84 and 112 but did not differ (P > .05) from d 0 to 84 or from d 112 to 196. This increase in fat content resulted in decreased (P < .05) concentrations of moisture, protein, and ash in the LM. Concentrations of Mg, K, and Fe in the LM increased (P < .10) with advanced TOF. The increase in the total lipid (TL) content of the LM stemmed from a proportional increase (P < .05) in neutral lipid (NL). Polar lipid (PL) remained constant (P = .33) throughout TOF. The NL and TL became more unsaturated as TOF increased, primarily due to a linear (P < .01) increase in oleic (C18:1) acid concentration. In contrast, the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentration in the PL exhibited a linear (P < .01) decrease across TOF. As a result, advanced TOF increased the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content by 22% and decreased the PUFA content by 72% in the LM. The ratio of hypercholesterolemic (C14 + C16):hypocholesterolemic (MUFA+PUFA) fatty acids was unaffected by increasing TOF from d 28 to 196; however, this ratio was lower (P < .05) for grass-fed controls (d 0) than for d 28 to 84 and d 196. Cholesterol content (milligrams/100 grams) changed cubically (P = .06) across TOF. Ultimately, by limiting TOF to 112 d, the beef industry could provide consumers a palatable beef product that easily fits into a healthy diet and at the same time diminishes the costs associated with external fat trim.

Effect of bird-resistant and non-bird-resistant sorghum grain on amino acid digestion by beef heifers.

The effects of sorghum type on amino acid digestion were determined by feeding heifers (230 kg) equipped with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas bird-resistant (BR) or non-BR grains that had a normal or waxy endosperm (NORMAL-BR, WAXY-BR, NORMAL, WAXY). Dry-rolled grain diets were fed at 2% of BW in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Total (TAA), essential (EAA), and nonessential (NAA) amino acid intake (grams/day) tended to be greater for BR than for non-BR grains. Feed (plus endogenous) amino acids reaching the duodenum were calculated by subtracting amino acids of microbial protein from total flow. Flow (grams/day) of total and feed TAA, EAA, NAA, and proline-rich-protein (sum of aspartate, glutamate, glycine, and proline) to the duodenum was greater (P < .05) for BR than for non-BR grains. The ratio between feed proline-rich-protein and NAA reaching the duodenum was similar to that noted with feed intake. Amino acid disappearance (grams/day) from the small intestine was unchanged (P > .10) by sorghum type, although the digestibility (percentage of duodenal flow) of TAA, EAA, NAA, and most individual amino acids was decreased (P < .05) for BR varieties. Amino acid flow to the cecum (grams/day) was generally greater for NORMAL-BR than for WAXY-BR (P < .10) or for NORMAL (P < .01) and greater (P < .10) for WAXY-BR than for WAXY.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Intravitreal penetration of oral ciprofloxacin in humans.

Nineteen patients about to undergo elective vitreous surgery received 1 oral dose of 750 mg of ciprofloxacin before surgery. Specimens of serum and vitreous were collected 90 minutes to 18 hours after drug administration and were assayed for antibiotic content with a microbiologic disk agar technique. From 4 hours and 50 minutes to 16 hours and 50 minutes after a single oral dose, ciprofloxacin reached intravitreal levels above its minimal inhibitory concentration for 90% of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus species, and Enterobacteriaceae. However, intravitreal levels never exceeded the MIC90 for Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas.

The effect of pure and partial yellow endosperm sorghum grain hybrids on site and extent of digestion in beef steers.

To compare the effects of sorghum grain hybrids on site and extent of digestion, two yellow (Y1 and Y2), two cream (C1 and C2), and two hetero-yellow (HY1 and HY2) sorghum grains were fed (1.85% BW, DM basis) in an 81% dry-rolled grain diet to steers (342 kg BW) equipped with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas within a 6 X 6 Latin square. Yellow (YEL) hybrids had a homozygous yellow endosperm and a yellow seed coat; cream (CREAM) and hetero-yellow (HET-YEL) hybrids had a heterozygous (partial) yellow endosperm, with white or red seed coats, respectively. Total tract starch digestibility (percentage) was greater (P less than .10) for CREAM and HET-YEL (82.3) than for YEL (78.9), primarily because of greater (P less than .05) starch digestion in the large intestine. Ruminal starch digestibility (percentage) was greater (P less than .10) for HET-YEL (73.2) than for CREAM (66.3) and was a larger proportion of total tract digestion for HET-YEL (90.6) than for CREAM (80.1). Ruminal starch digestion was correlated negatively (r = -.46; P less than .08) with ruminal escape of feed N. Prececal starch digestibility (average 76.2%) was more strongly correlated with ruminal digestibility (r = .69; P less than .01) than with digestion in the small intestine (r = .41; P = .12). Total tract nonammonia N (NAN) digestibility (percentage) was greater (P less than .10) for CREAM than for HET-YEL, greater for Y1 (P less than .10) than for Y2, greater for C2 (P less than .05) than for C1, and greater for HY2 (P less than .05) than for HY1. Flow of NAN to the duodenum was correlated negatively (r = -.55; P less than .05) with prececal starch digestion. Small intestinal NAN disappearance (g/d) was greater (P less than .01) for HY1 (76.0) than for HY2 (52.2). Microbial N flow (r = .88; P less than .01), but not feed N flow (r = .17; P = .52), to the duodenum was correlated with partial NAN digestibility in the small intestine. Hybrids differed in site and extent of digestion. Differences were generally larger for N than for starch.

Technical note: a double L intestinal cannula for cattle.

A double L-shaped intestinal cannula was developed in an attempt to overcome problems observed previously with simple T-type cannulas. The cannula was constructed from cyclopolyvinyl chloride water pipe fittings. Construction materials were fairly rigid, but by connecting the split cannula pieces with elastic castration bands the cannula had some flexibility. Placing a short cone over the exposed cannula barrel reduced mechanical damage to the intestine. The double L cannula required a much smaller incision in the intestine during surgical insertion than a T-type cannula; it also simplified replacement. Construction is described; use and performance of the cannula has been satisfactory.

Comparison of corn with four sorghum grain hybrids: site and extent of digestion in steers.

Four diverse sorghum hybrids (yellow, cream, hetero-yellow and red) and corn grain were dry-rolled and fed in an 85% grain diet to Angus-Hereford steers (241 kg) equipped with ruminal and double L-type duodenal and ileal cannulas to compare the effects of grain source on site and extent of digestion. Yellow (yel) has a homozygous yellow endosperm, with a yellow seed coat, whereas cream and hetero-yellow (het-yel) have a heterozygous yellow endosperm with white and red seed coats, respectively. Red has a homozygous white endosperm with a red seed coat. Diets were fed at 2% of initial BW (DM basis) in a 5 x 5 Latin square. Total digestive tract starch digestibility (%) was greater (P less than .05) for corn (92.5) than for red (84.3), yel (84.3) and het-yel (82.9) but not greater (P greater than .10) than for cream (87.9). Ruminal starch digestibility (%) was greater (P less than .10) for corn (85.8) than for sorghum hybrids (69.1). Pre-cecal starch digestibility (%) was greater (P less than .05) for corn (90.6) than for het-yel (76.2), red (74.8) and yel (74.1). Ruminal escape (%) of grain N was greater (P less than .10) for red (79.9) than for het-yel (69.2), cream (66.5) and yel (66.1), with corn (53.6) being less (P less than .10) than sorghum hybrids. Pre-cecal and total tract non-NH3 N digestibilities (%) were not altered (P greater than .10) by grain source. Hybrid of sorghum altered site and extent of starch digestion and ruminal escape of grain N; hybrids had estimated gain:feed ratios that were 81 to 93% of those of rolled corn grain.

Combinations of high-moisture harvested sorghum grain and dry-rolled corn: effects on site and extent of digestion in beef heifers.

To determine the effects of blends of high-moisture harvested sorghum grain (HMS) and dry-rolled corn (DRC) on site and extent of digestion, high-grain diets were fed to Angus-Hereford heifers (315 kg) in a 5 x 5 latin square. The grain portion consisted of ratios (HMS:DRC) of 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0. Heifers were equipped with ruminal, duodenal and ileal T-type cannulas. Digestibilities of OM (P less than .05) and non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN; P less than .01) in the total tract declined linearly as HMS replaced DRC. Chyme flow (liters/d) through the duodenum increased linearly (P less than .01), and true ruminal OM disappearance tended to decline linearly (P less than .10) as HMS replaced DRC. A quadratic response (P less than .05) in extent of starch disappearance (g/d) in the rumen was noted; blends were lower than either individual grain. Ruminal escape of feed N tended to be quadratic (P less than .10); values for individual grain types were greater than blends. Microbial efficiency increased linearly (P less than .05) as HMS replaced DRC. Extent of starch digestion in the rumen averaged 82.7% compared to only 2.9% in the small intestine and 5.7% in the large intestine. Altering the ratio of HMS to DRC appeared to have more effect on ruminal fermentation than on digestion in the small intestine; most starch and nitrogen responses were quadratic. Increases in ruminal pH and chyme flow, potentially caused by increased salivary flow, may cause non-linear changes in the solubility of proteins in HMS and DRC, when fed as blends, altering the digestibility of protein and starch from values predicted from the individual grains.

Effect of sorghum grain variety and reconstitution on site and extent of starch and protein digestion in steers.

Hetero-yellow (HY), red (RED) and brown (BR, high tannin) sorghums were fed dry-rolled or reconstituted (RED and BR only) to evaluate the effect of variety and reconstitution on the site and extent of starch and protein digestion in steers fitted with ruminal, duodenal and ileal cannulae. Processed grains were incorporated into 88% sorghum (DM basis) diets fed at 2% of body weight in a 5 X 5 Latin square. Ruminal fermentation of organic matter, starch and protein tended to be lower for the dry-rolled RED than for either the dry-rolled HY or BR sorghum. Digestion of organic matter (OM) and starch in the small intestine was very low for dry-rolled sorghums. Total tract starch digestibility was lower for the dry-rolled RED sorghum (86.9%) than the BR (90.8%) and HY (91.4%). Nitrogen (N) digestibility ranged from 53.1% for the dry-rolled BR to 64.5% for the HY. Tannins were extensively (95.2%) degraded in the rumen, which may have enhanced fermentation of the BR sorghum. Reconstitution increased (P less than .05) total-tract starch digestion of the RED and tended to increase starch digestion of the BR as well. Total N flow to the duodenum tended to increase with reconstitution, with most of the increase being due to greater (P less than .05) microbial-N. Reconstitution also increased (P less than .05) total-tract N digestibility of the RED. The response to reconstitution for the RED sorghum appeared to be due primarily to an increase (P less than .10) in the extent of fermentation of organic matter and starch in the rumen. Reconstitution of BR, however, enhanced disappearance of starch from the small intestine. In both cases, most (97.3%) of the digestible starch of the reconstituted sorghums had disappeared before the terminal ileum. In contrast, 14.5% (621 g) of the digestible starch of dry-rolled RED disappeared in the large intestine. Sorghum grain variety and reconstitution appear to alter site and extent of starch and protein digestion, which may result in variable performance of cattle fed sorghum grain diets.

Effects of feeding cooked ground beef on plasma lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations in male turkeys.

Two experiments with male turkeys were designed to study the effects of eating cooked ground beef on plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels. In both experiments, cooked ground beef from forage-finished cattle (F-Bf) and grain-finished cattle (G-Bf) were added at an average of 28.1 and 34.5 g of beef per 100 g of ration in order to provide 40% of the protein requirement. The experimental diets formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous were: 1) basal diet (negative control) in which soybean meal and corn oil served as protein and fat sources, respectively; 2) basal plus crystalline cholesterol (positive control) incorporated at 1 and 2% of the diet in trials 1 and 2, respectively; 3) basal plus F-Bf; 4) basal plus G-Bf. The polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio averaged 3.45 for diets 1 and 2 and 0.17 for diets 3 and 4, respectively. At 16 weeks, consumption of diets 3 and 4 elevated (P less than 0.05) plasma triglyceride levels and phospholipid levels (trial 1). In trial 2, only diet 4 elevated (P less than 0.05) plasma phospholipid levels. In both trials, the beef diets did not significantly elevate plasma cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels above the basal diet. However, the major apoprotein in the HDL fraction, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), was increased (P less than 0.05) in the plasma of male turkeys fed the G-Bf diet in both trials and F-Bf diet in trial 1. Plasma apolipoprotein B (apoB), primarily found in low density lipoproteins (LDL), was increased (P less than 0.05) in one of the two trials by the inclusion of beef in the diet. There were no significant differences in plasma cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, apoA-I and apoB levels between the types of beef (F-Bf vs. G-Bf).