ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: To determine interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 levels in amniotic fluid, retroplacental blood and maternal serum and relate these values with cervical dilatation in term labor. METHODS: Prospective study. n=78 healthy women undergoing term cesarean section, divided into four groups: controls, n=42, (elective cesarean section; no contractions, membrane rupture or cervical dilatation); latent labor, n=12, (latent phase labor; cervix <2 cm dilated); established labor, n=12, (active labor, cervix 2-5 cm); advanced labor, n=12, (active labor, cervix >5 cm). Interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 were determined by ELISA (pg/ml), placenta and placental bed biopsy examined histopathologically, and amniotic fluid also microbiologically. Results were expressed as median and ranges or mean and standard deviations, as appropriate. For statistical analysis, Mann-Whitney U-tests or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used as applicable (Statview 4.5). Power and linear regression analyses were performed. p<0.05 was considered significant, p<0.001 highly significant. RESULTS: Compared with controls, IL-6 and IL-8 increased significantly with cervical dilatation in all compartments tested for almost all labor groups (p<0.05 to p<0.0001). Significant changes were also seen between latent and advanced labor groups in some compartments (p<0.05), but not between established and advanced labor groups. Intrauterine infection was excluded in any of the patients clinically and on histopathological or microbiological analysis of placentae and amniotic fluid. CONCLUSIONS: In term labor without intraamniotic infection, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 at the fetomaternal interface and in maternal serum rise significantly with cervical dilatation. These cytokines could be used as markers of active labor if vaginal examination is not applicable.
Subject(s)
Interleukin-6/analysis , Interleukin-8/analysis , Labor Stage, First/physiology , Labor, Obstetric/physiology , Adolescent , Adult , Amniotic Fluid/chemistry , Biomarkers/analysis , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Interleukin-6/blood , Interleukin-8/blood , Pregnancy , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
The social security system insures both children and adults who are disabled. Over the years, the Social Security Administration and the courts have developed a number of tests to determine whether a child is eligible to receive social security benefits. In 1997, as part of its attempt to reform welfare, Congress laid out a new, arguably more restrictive standard that must be met before a child can be deemed "disabled." For all of the apparent changes, however, it is unclear how much the standards have changed in practice.
Subject(s)
Child Welfare/economics , Disabled Children/legislation & jurisprudence , Social Security/legislation & jurisprudence , Child , Child Welfare/legislation & jurisprudence , Disability Evaluation , Forecasting , Humans , Social Security/economics , Social Security/trends , United StatesABSTRACT
Section 5 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) does not require any toxicity testing as a prerequisite for submission of a Premanufacturing Notice (PMN) for a new chemical. In order to compensate for the lack of actual test data, a process involving structure-activity relationships (SAR) for assessing hazard potential was constructed. The hazard assessment is then coupled with an estimation of potential exposure to determine potential risk. This process involves the use of multiple interdisciplinary teams that work within a 90-day time frame to complete approximately 2000 risk assessments per year.
Subject(s)
Hazardous Substances/toxicity , United States Environmental Protection Agency , Animals , Humans , Legislation as Topic , Risk Assessment , Structure-Activity Relationship , Toxicity Tests/standards , United States , United States Environmental Protection Agency/standardsABSTRACT
The lactoferrin binding protein (LBP) of Neisseria meningitidis (the putative meningococcal receptor for human lactoferrin, LF), has been previously characterized as an outer-membrane protein of approximately 105 kDa. Using N-terminal amino acid sequence to generate an oligonucleotide probe, a clone from a lambda gt11 phage library was isolated. This clone was subjected to shuttle mutagenesis, in which an erythromycin mini-transposon was used to interrupt the LBP coding sequence. This insertion mutation was introduced into the meningococcus. A N. meningitidis strain that carried this transposon insertion no longer produced the 105 kDa protein. The absence of this protein was correlated with the inability to bind LF or to use LF as an iron source. The LBP mutant was able to grow with other Fe sources and demonstrated no other visible membrane protein alterations. These data confirm the suggestion that LBP is the meningococcal receptor.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Carrier Proteins/genetics , Lactoferrin/metabolism , Neisseria meningitidis/genetics , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , Base Sequence , Cloning, Molecular , DNA Transposable Elements , DNA, Bacterial , Female , Humans , Iron/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Molecular Sequence Data , Mutagenesis, InsertionalABSTRACT
The role of the rodC operon in Bacillus subtilis was investigated. The operon encodes two genes (rodD and rodC) necessary for the synthesis of the cell wall teichoic acid. Transcription of this operon is responsive to levels of phosphate and to concentrations of magnesium ions in the growth medium. This regulation of mRNA production corresponds to conditions that dictate the type of polymer that will be synthesized for the cell wall, i.e., teichoic or teichuronic acid. While the introduction of multiple copies of rodC was tolerated by the cells, multiple copies of rodD appeared to be lethal. The lethality of the rodD fragment was not exhibited if multiple copies of rodC were also present.
