ABSTRACT
Ever since Edward Angle introduced his edgewise appliance in 1925, orthodontic innovators have been working to improve on not only its original design, but also the method of attachment. Our "strap-ups" have evolved from banding to bonding, from labial to lingual, and from metallic to clear. But, as Angle would be pleased to learn, we still call it edgewise.
Subject(s)
Orthodontic Appliances/history , Tooth Movement Techniques/history , History, 20th Century , Humans , Orthodontics/history , United StatesABSTRACT
For many years, orthodontists have searched for a form of anchorage that does not rely on patient cooperation, although the answer already lay in the implants dentists used to replace missing teeth and oral surgeons used to hold bone segments together. Now these divergent lines have come together in the form of stationary anchorage, and titanium is the most biocompatible material. State-of-the-art miniscrews and microscrews--temporary anchorage devices--now permit movements hitherto thought difficult or impossible. This article continues the series last published in April 2007.
Subject(s)
Dental Implantation, Endosseous/history , Dental Implants/history , Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures/history , Orthodontics/history , Dental Implantation, Endosseous/methods , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans , Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures/methods , Orthodontics/methodsABSTRACT
Around 1970, after overcoming obstacles related to anesthesia, infection, and blood supply, orthognathic surgeons come into their own. The history of cleft lip and palate treatment has a much earlier beginning because a deformed infant evokes a strong desire to intervene. Angle's belief that orthodontists can grow bone finally came to fruition with the advent of distraction osteogenesis, which developed from the limb-lengthening procedures of Ilizaroff in Russia. Now distraction osteogenesis has replaced osteotomies in many applications.
Subject(s)
Cleft Lip/history , Cleft Palate/history , Orthodontics, Corrective/history , Osteogenesis, Distraction/history , Cleft Lip/surgery , Cleft Palate/surgery , External Fixators/history , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans , Mandible/surgery , Maxilla/surgery , Orthodontics, Corrective/methods , Osteogenesis, Distraction/methodsABSTRACT
The temporomandibular joint has always been the practitioner's no-man's land. Who's in charge here? The general dentist, the prosthodontist, the oral surgeon, the otolaryngologist, the psychiatrist, or the orthodontist? Theories about the cause of problems are as varied as the specialties involved. Is the cause anatomic, occlusal, neuromuscular, myofascial, psychological, or multifactorial? In another adjunctive domain, the major early advances in orthognathic surgery were the discovery of anesthesia, the experiences of World War I surgeons, and the refinement of maxillary techniques.
Subject(s)
Malocclusion/surgery , Mandible/surgery , Maxilla/surgery , Orthodontics, Corrective/history , Osteotomy, Le Fort/history , Dental Articulators/history , Dental Occlusion, Centric , Dental Prosthesis/history , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Temporomandibular Joint Disorders/history , Vertical DimensionABSTRACT
From the beginning, orthodontists have been faced with the decision of when to start treatment. Until the late 20th century, this decision was based on clinical observation, the influence of strong leaders, and (after midcentury) the results obtained by what Europeans called "functional jaw orthopedics." Recent findings questioning the efficacy of early treatment have forced orthodontists to ask themselves whether their decision to "start now" is being influenced too heavily by practice-management considerations. Our concept of occlusion has evolved from a static to a dynamic one. Emulating their prosthodontist brethren, orthodontists have attempted to reproduce jaw movements with the use of articulators, but the popularity of these devices has been declining in recent years.
Subject(s)
Dental Occlusion , Orthodontics, Interceptive/history , Age Factors , Dental Articulators/history , Dentition, Mixed , History, 20th CenturyABSTRACT
For orthodontists, the post-World War II era was characterized by the introduction of fluoridation, sit-down dentistry, and an upswing in extractions. Postwar prosperity, the baby boom, and increased enlightenment of parents contributed to what was later called the "golden age of orthodontics." The subsequent clamor for more orthodontists led to a proliferation of graduate departments and inauguration of the AAO Preceptorship Program. There was also an increase in mixed-dentition treatment, requiring improved methods of analyzing arch lengths.
Subject(s)
Orthodontics/history , Health Services Needs and Demand , History, 20th Century , Humans , Orthodontics/education , Orthodontics, Corrective/methods , Preceptorship , Tooth Extraction/statistics & numerical data , United StatesABSTRACT
Late in orthodontics' second millennium, we paused to retrace the path that brought us to be practitioners of "the latest and the best" as Angle might have put it. What we thought was state of the art proved to be only a stepping stone along that path. The best was yet to come.
Subject(s)
Orthodontics/history , Cephalometry/history , Dentists, Women/history , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, Ancient , Maxillofacial Development , Orthodontic Appliances, Functional/historyABSTRACT
The history of the functional appliance can be traced back to 1879, when Norman Kingsley introduced the "bite-jumping" appliance. In the early 1900s, parallel development began in the United States and Europe in fixed and functional techniques, respectively, but the Atlantic Ocean was a geographic barrier that restricted the sharing of knowledge and experience in these philosophies. The only exception to this was the fixed functional appliance designed by Herbst. The monobloc, developed by Robin in 1902, is generally considered the forerunner of removable functional appliances, but the activator developed in Norway by Andresen in the 1920s was the first functional appliance to be widely accepted, becoming the basis of the "Norwegian system" of treatment. Both the appliance system and its theoretical underpinnings were improved and extended elsewhere in Europe, particularly by the German school led by Häupl, Bimler, and Balters. It would be after midcentury before functional appliances were reintroduced into American orthodontics.
Subject(s)
Orthodontic Appliances, Functional/history , Europe , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Myofunctional Therapy/history , Orthodontic Appliances, Functional/classification , United StatesABSTRACT
After World War II, cephalometric radiography came into widespread use, enabling orthodontists to measure changes in tooth and jaw positions produced by growth and treatment. Cephalometrics revealed that many malocclusions resulted from faulty jaw relationships, not just malposed teeth, and made it possible to see that jaw growth could be altered by orthodontic treatment. Since 1931, a multitude of analyses have been developed, whereby the face is inscribed in triangles, rectangles, and polygons, permitting the orthodontist to dissect the profile into an array of angular and distance measurements. Those who embraced too quickly these measurements as a panacea soon learned that they are best taken with a grain of good judgment.
Subject(s)
Cephalometry/history , Orthodontics/history , Canada , History, 20th Century , Maxillofacial Development , Norway , Sweden , Tomography, X-Ray/history , United StatesABSTRACT
The cephalometer was not invented in a vacuum. It was the culmination of centuries of efforts on the part of artists, anthropologists, and scientists to fathom nature's vicissitudes. Whereas Renaissance investigators "caged" the human face in a series of grids in an effort to find proportional relations, 20th-century orthodontists were more interested in knowing how the teeth and jaws related to the face and cranial base. Primarily a research tool, the cephalometer became a means of unmasking a patient's whole developmental pattern, becoming our most important diagnostic tool since study models.
Subject(s)
Cephalometry/history , Face/anatomy & histology , Orthodontics/history , Art/history , Cephalometry/instrumentation , Europe , History, 15th Century , History, 16th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans , Maxillofacial Development , Radiography/history , Terminology as Topic , United StatesABSTRACT
The trying conditions of the Great Depression and World War II did not deter innovative orthodontists from adding 3 new appliances to our armamentarium. Clinicians become fragmented into various technique "camps." Silas Kloehn's neck gear became a more patient-friendly version of extraoral anchorage, but it still had drawbacks. Angle's stranglehold on the specialty was finally broken when 3 of his disciples made extractions respectable.
Subject(s)
Orthodontic Appliances/history , Orthodontics, Corrective/history , Tooth Extraction/history , Acrylic Resins/history , Australia , Germany , History, 20th Century , Orthodontics, Corrective/methods , Sweden , United StatesABSTRACT
Early in the last century, 3 events put Colorado in the orthodontic spotlight: the discovery-by an orthodontist-of the caries-preventive powers of fluoridated water, the formation of dentistry's first specialty board, and the founding of a supply company by and for orthodontists. Meanwhile, inventive practitioners were giving the profession more choices of treatment modalities, and stainless steel was making its feeble debut.
Subject(s)
Fluoridation/history , Orthodontic Appliance Design/history , Orthodontic Appliances/history , Orthodontics/history , Societies, Dental/history , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Schools, Dental/history , United StatesABSTRACT
Angle's legacy was assured when his disciples, both in the United States and abroad, boarded the joiners' bandwagon. The first 2 cornerstones of the professional pyramid were laid (education and organization), and the specialty began to pour the third cornerstone: orthodontic literature. Anthropologists, anatomists, histologists, and health professionals laid the foundation for the study of craniofacial growth.
Subject(s)
Orthodontics/history , Europe , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Journalism, Dental/history , Periodicals as Topic/history , Societies, Dental/history , United StatesABSTRACT
In the 1930s, creative thinkers in orthodontics began to more openly question the status quo. Apprenticeships had given way to formal instruction, and proprietary schools bowed to graduate university programs, including some taught or headed by women. The MD degree was gradually replaced by the MS as the focus of orthodontics zoomed out from teeth to the total patient. Angle's dogmatic stance against extraction was challenged successfully by his last disciple, Tweed, and another of Angle's pupils, Broadbent, developed that century's most important diagnostic aid, the cephalometer, which opened the door to Brodie's landmark growth studies and Downs's cephalometric analysis. Dentistry's first specialty organization, the Society of Orthodontists, was formed in 1900, and the first specialty journals appeared.
Subject(s)
Education, Dental/history , Orthodontics/history , Dentists, Women/history , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Orthodontics/education , Schools, Dental/history , Societies, Dental/history , United StatesABSTRACT
In the early 1900s, groundbreaking scientists, working without benefit of graduate training and having little precedent, built the orthodontic edifice brick by brick. Kingsley pioneered cleft-palate treatment. Case showed us the importance of facial esthetics. Dewey and Ketcham made the ABO the first certifying board in dentistry. But it was Angle who gave us our first school, journal, society, and practical classification of malocclusion.
Subject(s)
Orthodontics/history , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , United StatesABSTRACT
Orthodontics had its beginnings in the time of the ancient Egyptians, who used crude metal bands and catgut, but it was not until the late 18th century that the first practical appliances came into use. These were fine-tuned during the early 1900s; today's mechanisms are merely refinements. Major changes occurred when practitioners--originally physicians--began turning their attention from cosmetic "regulating" to occlusion and stability, while empiricism gave way to objectivity and the scientific method. The purpose of this article is to review the history of orthodontics from antiquity to the modern era. The article is divided into chapters that will be presented serially in every other issue of the Journal.
