ABSTRACT
Insects, in particular house flies and cockroaches, have been shown to be associated with the spread of pathogens in livestock farms and in human disease outbreaks: among these pathogens are salmonellae and campylobacters. A total of 60 flies were caught in three locations: an animal teaching facility and a cafeteria in a university campus, and a poultry farm. Five percent (5%) and 13.3% of flies sampled were found to carry Campylobacter and Salmonella, respectively.
Subject(s)
Campylobacter/isolation & purification , Houseflies/microbiology , Salmonella/isolation & purification , Animals , Humans , Malaysia , Prevalence , Rural Population , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
1. The rectococcygeus muscle is supplied by cholinergic motor fibres from the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. 2. The histofluorescence technique reveals a sparse adrenergic innervation. 3. When a maintained state of partial contraction is induced by carbachol, stimulation of the extrinsic sympathetic nerves produces a relaxation of the muscle which is usually followed by contraction. 4. The rectococcygeus muscle may also receive nerves which are neither adrenergic nor cholinergic. 5. Ganglion cells have been found close to and, in some preparations, within the muscle; the role of these ganglion cells is not clear. 6. It would appear that the rectococcygeus muscle and the longitudinal muscle of the rectum are not linked by a myogenic mechanism. The rectococcygeus muscle would, however, appear to be linked by nerve fibres to neighbouring structures.
Subject(s)
Muscle, Smooth/innervation , Rectum/physiology , Adrenergic Fibers/physiology , Animals , Carbachol/pharmacology , Cholinergic Fibers/physiology , Female , Ganglia, Autonomic/physiology , Guanethidine/pharmacology , Hexamethonium Compounds/pharmacology , In Vitro Techniques , Male , Muscle, Smooth/drug effects , Neurons/physiology , Norepinephrine/pharmacology , Parasympathetic Nervous System/physiology , RabbitsABSTRACT
1. Strips of rabbit anococcygeus muscle were submaximally contracted by the addition of phenylephrine to the bath fluid. 2. Acetylcholine, dimethylphenylpiperazinium and electrical field stimulation caused relaxation. Relaxation induced by acetylcholine and field stimulation was blocked by tetrodotoxin but only the acetylcholine-induced response was inhibited by lignocaine, tetraethylammonium and hexamethonium. The responses to both acetylcholine and field stimulation were resistant to atropine, practolol, and sotalol. 3. Relatively high concentrations of ATP caused relaxation. 4. Histological investigation did not show any cells resembling autonomic ganglion cells. 5. It is suggested that both acetylcholine and field stimulation release an inhibitory transmitter from nerve endings and that the release by acetylcholine is mediated through nicotinic receptor stimulation.
