A Systematic Review of Herbal Interventions for the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases represent a significant global health burden, necessitating diverse approaches for effective management. Herbal interventions have gained attention as potential adjuncts or alternatives to conventional therapies due to their perceived safety and therapeutic potential. This structured abstract provides a comprehensive review of herbal interventions for the management of CVDs, summarising key findings, mechanisms of action, and clinical implications. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aims to evaluate the impact of various herbal interventions employed for managing cardiovascular diseases. METHOD: We conducted an extensive literature search across electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, from inception to 2022. Studies were included if they investigated the use of herbal remedies for preventing or treating CVDs. Data extraction and synthesis focused on botanical sources, active compounds, mechanisms of action, and clinical outcomes. RESULT: Numerous herbal interventions have demonstrated promising cardiovascular benefits. A number of medicinal herbs well identified to treat CVD are Moringaoleifera, Ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, Celosia argentea, Gongronematrifolium, Gynostemmapentaphyllum, Bombaxceiba, Gentianalutea, Allium sativum, Crataegusspp, Curcuma longa, Camellia sinensis, and Zingiberofficinale. Mechanistic insights reveal that herbal interventions often target multiple pathways involved in CVD pathogenesis. These mechanisms encompass anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-thrombotic, anti-hypertensive, and lipid-lowering effects. Additionally, some herbs enhance endothelial function, promote nitric oxide production, and exert vasodilatory effects, contributing to improved cardiovascular health. Clinical studies have provided evidence of the efficacy of certain herbal interventions in reducing CVD risk factors and improving patient outcomes. However, more rigorous, large-scale clinical trials are needed to establish their long-term safety and effectiveness. It is crucial to consider potential herb-drug interactions and standardise dosages for reliable therapeutic outcomes. CONCLUSION: This comprehensive review highlights the potential of herbal interventions as valuable adjuncts or alternatives for managing cardiovascular diseases. Herbal remedies offer diverse mechanisms of action, targeting key CVD risk factors and pathways. While promising, their clinical utility warrants further investigation through well-designed trials to establish their safety and efficacy, paving the way for integrated approaches to cardiovascular disease management. Healthcare providers and patients should engage in informed discussions about the use of herbal interventions alongside conventional therapies in the context of CVD prevention and treatment.

Research on Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Involving the Use of In vivo and In vitro Models and Mechanisms.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive formation of extracellular amyloid plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, inflammation, and impaired antioxidant systems. Early detection and intervention are vital for managing AD effectively. OBJECTIVE: This review scrutinizes both in-vivo and in-vitro screening models employed in Alzheimer's disease research. In-vivo models, including transgenic mice expressing AD-related mutations, offer profound insights into disease progression and potential therapeutic targets. A thorough understanding of these models and mechanisms will facilitate the development of novel therapies and interventions for Alzheimer's disease. This review aims to provide an overview of the current experimental models in AD research, assess their strengths and weaknesses as model systems, and underscore the future prospects of experimental AD modeling. METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature search across multiple databases, such as Pub- Med, Bentham Science, Elsevier, Springer Nature, Wiley, and Research Gate. The search strategy incorporated pertinent keywords related to Alzheimer's disease, in-vivo models, in-vitro models, and screening mechanisms. Inclusion criteria were established to identify studies focused on in-vivo and in-vitro screening models and their mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease research. Studies not meeting the predefined criteria were excluded from the review. RESULTS: A well-structured experimental animal model can yield significant insights into the neurobiology of AD, enhancing our comprehension of its pathogenesis and the potential for cutting-edge therapeutic strategies. Given the limited efficacy of current AD medications, there is a pressing need for the development of experimental models that can mimic the disease, particularly in pre-symptomatic stages, to investigate prevention and treatment approaches. To address this requirement, numerous experimental models replicating human AD pathology have been established, serving as invaluable tools for assessing potential treatments. CONCLUSION: In summary, this comprehensive review underscores the pivotal role of in-vivo and in-vitro screening models in advancing our understanding of Alzheimer's disease. These models offer invaluable insights into disease progression, pathological mechanisms, and potential therapeutic targets. By conducting a rigorous investigation and evaluation of these models and mechanisms, effective screening and treatment methods for Alzheimer's disease can be devised. The review also outlines future research directions and areas for enhancing AD screening models.

Comorbidity of Depression and Diabetes: A Literature Review on Systemic Flaws in Healthcare and the Benefits of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment in Primary Care Settings.

BACKGROUND: The increasing specialization and dispersion of healthcare systems have led to a shortage of resources to address comorbidities. Patients with coexisting mental and physical conditions are disadvantaged, as medical providers often only focus on the patient's mental illness while neglecting their physical needs, resulting in poorer health outcomes. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to shed light on the systemic flaws in healthcare systems that contribute to suboptimal health outcomes in individuals with comorbid diseases, including depression and diabetes. This paper also discusses the clinical and economic benefits of collaborative methods for diagnosing and treating depressive disorders in primary care settings. METHODS: A comprehensive literature review of the relationship between depression and diabetes was conducted. The outcomes of the literature review were carefully analyzed. Several databases were searched using keywords such as "diabetes," "depression," "comorbidity," "prevalence," "epidemiology," and "risk factors" using Google Scholar and PubMed as search engines. The review and research papers written between 1961 and 2023 were our main focus. RESULTS: This study revealed improved depressive symptoms and better blood sugar and blood pressure control. Additionally, individuals with comorbid depression and diabetes have higher direct and secondary medical costs. Antidepressants and psychological interventions are equally effective in treating depressive symptoms in patients with diabetes, although they have conflicting effects on glycemic control. For individuals with comorbid diabetes and depression, clear care pathways, including a multidisciplinary team, are essential for achieving the best medical and mental health outcomes. CONCLUSION: Coordinated healthcare solutions are necessary to reduce the burden of illness and improve therapeutic outcomes. Numerous pathophysiological mechanisms interact with one another and may support the comorbidities of T2DM, and depressive disorders could exacerbate the course of both diseases.

Potential Applications of Mitochondrial Therapy with a Focus on Parkinson's Disease and Mitochondrial Transplantation.

Purpose: Both aging and neurodegenerative illnesses are thought to be influenced by mitochondrial malfunction and free radical formation. Deformities of the energy metabolism, mitochondrial genome polymorphisms, nuclear DNA genetic abnormalities associated with mitochondria, modifications of mitochondrial fusion or fission, variations in shape and size, variations in transit, modified mobility of mitochondria, transcription defects, and the emergence of misfolded proteins associated with mitochondria are all linked to Parkinson's disease. Methods: This review is a condensed compilation of data from research that has been published between the years of 2014 and 2022, using search engines like Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. Results: Mitochondrial transplantation is a one-of-a-kind treatment for mitochondrial diseases and deficits in mitochondrial biogenesis. The replacement of malfunctioning mitochondria with transplanted viable mitochondria using innovative methodologies has shown promising outcomes as a cure for Parkinson's, involving tissue sparing coupled with enhanced energy generation and lower oxidative damage. Numerous mitochondria-targeted therapies, including mitochondrial gene therapy, redox therapy, and others, have been investigated for their effectiveness and potency. Conclusion: The development of innovative therapeutics for mitochondria-directed treatments in Parkinson's disease may be aided by optimizing mitochondrial dynamics. Many neurological diseases have been studied in animal and cellular models, and it has been found that mitochondrial maintenance can slow the death of neuronal cells. It has been hypothesized that drug therapies for neurodegenerative diseases that focus on mitochondrial dysfunction will help to delay the onset of neuronal dysfunction.

Phyto-pharmacological Potential of Aegle marmelos (L.) for Neurological Disorders: Progress and Prospects.

BACKGROUND: Aegle marmelos, an Indian plant, has been extensively utilized by the people of the Indian subcontinent over about 5000 years. The leaves, bark, roots, and fruits, including seeds, are widely used to cure a variety of diseases in the Indian traditional system of medicine, Ayurveda, along with numerous folk medicines. By revealing the existence of significant bioactive chemicals, modern research has effectively substantiated the therapeutic effects of bael. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to review the literature regarding A. marmelos geographical distribution, morphology, therapeutic benefits, and phytochemicals found in the bael leaves, fruits, and other parts of the plant that offer a wide range of pharmacological applications in neurological disorders. METHODOLOGY: A thorough literature search was conducted using five computerized databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Elsevier, and Wiley Online Library (WOL), by using standard keywords "A. marmelos," "Geographical distribution," "Morphological description," "Ethnobotanical Uses," "Phytoconstituents" and "Neuroprotective activities" for review papers published between 1975 and 2023. A small number of earlier review articles focused on phyto-pharmacological potential of Aegle marmelos (L.) for neurological disorders. RESULTS: According to some research, Aegle marmelos extracts potentially have neuroprotective benefits. This is due to its capacity to alter cellular mechanisms that cause neuronal damage. CONCLUSION: Neurodegenerative illnesses usually induce permanent neuronal network loss overall the brain along with the spinal cord (CNS), resulting in chronic functional impairments. The review summarizes the multiple aspects and processes of A. marmelos extract and its components in several models of neurodegenerative diseases such as anxiety, epilepsy, depression, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and others. MDA, nitrite, TNF-, and IL-6 levels were dramatically elevated, whereas glutathione levels were significantly lowered in the hippocampus of STZ-treated rats. Furthermore, STZ-treated rats showed a substantial drop in catalase activity and an increase in AChE activity, indicating cholinergic hypofunction and neuronal injury. The neuroprotective ability of A. marmelos against STZ-induced oxidative stress and cognitive loss in rats suggests that it has therapeutic relevance in Alzheimer's disease (AD).

An Updated Insight into Phytomolecules and Novel Approaches used in the Management of Breast Cancer.

Breast cancer is a widespread condition that kills more women from cancer-related causes than any other type of cancer globally. Women who have estrogen-dependent, initial metastatic breast cancer frequently receive treatment with surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. They may also get more specialized treatments like tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors (anastrozole or letrozole). The World Health Organisation reported in 2012 that by 2030, breast cancer will be more common worldwide. There are several phytochemicals, such as isoflavones, coumestans, lignans, and prenylflavonoides. Isoflavones have been shown in studies to prevent the spread of breast cancer and to trigger apoptosis. Targeting BCs in metastatic breast cancer may be made possible by combining well-formulated phytochemicals in nanoparticles or other novel drug delivery agents with currently accepted endocrine and/or conventional chemotherapies. Cell signaling, regulation of cell cycles, oxidative stress action, and inflammation could be positively impacted by phytoconstituents. They have the ability to alter non-coding RNAs, to prevent the proliferation and regeneration of cancer cells. The availability of novel approaches helps in disease targeting, safety, effectiveness and efficacy. The current literature helps to know the available drugs i.e. phytoconstituents or novel drug delivery like nanoparticle, microsphere, micelles, liposomes and neosomes. The literature has been taken from PubMed, Google Scholar, SciFinder, or other internet sites.

Current Landscape of Gene Therapy for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disorders.

Cardiovascular disorders (CVD) are the primary cause of death worldwide. Multiple factors have been accepted to cause cardiovascular diseases; among them, smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating habits, age, and family history are flag-bearers. Individuals at risk of developing CVD are suggested to make drastic habitual changes as the primary intervention to prevent CVD; however, over time, the disease is bound to worsen. This is when secondary interventions come into play, including antihypertensive, anti-lipidemic, anti-anginal, and inotropic drugs. These drugs usually undergo surgical intervention in patients with a much higher risk of heart failure. These therapeutic agents increase the survival rate, decrease the severity of symptoms and the discomfort that comes with them, and increase the overall quality of life. However, most individuals succumb to this disease. None of these treatments address the molecular mechanism of the disease and hence are unable to halt the pathological worsening of the disease. Gene therapy offers a more efficient, potent, and important novel approach to counter the disease, as it has the potential to permanently eradicate the disease from the patients and even in the upcoming generations. However, this therapy is associated with significant risks and ethical considerations that pose noteworthy resistance. In this review, we discuss various methods of gene therapy for cardiovascular disorders and address the ethical conundrum surrounding it.

An Insight into the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Along with the Novel Potential Therapeutic Approaches.

BACKGROUND: The existence of aberrant myocardial activity and function in the exclusion of those other cardiovascular events, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and severe valve disease, is known as diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diabetes patients are much more prone to death from cardiovascular illnesses than from any other cause, and they also have a 2-5 fold higher likelihood of acquiring cardiac failure and other complications. OBJECTIVE: In this review, the pathophysiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy is discussed, with an emphasis on the molecular and cellular irregularities that arise as the condition progresses, as well as existing and prospective future treatments. METHOD: The literature for this topic was researched utilizing Google Scholar as a search engine. Before compiling the review article, several research and review publications from various publishers, including Bentham Science, Nature, Frontiers, and Elsevier, were investigated. RESULT: The abnormal cardiac remodelling, marked by left ventricular concentric thickening and interstitial fibrosis contributing to diastolic impairment, is mediated by hyperglycemia, and insulin sensitivity. The pathophysiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy has been linked to altered biochemical parameters, decreased calcium regulation and energy production, enhanced oxidative damage and inflammation, and a build-up of advanced glycation end products. CONCLUSION: Antihyperglycemic medications are essential for managing diabetes because they successfully lower microvascular problems. GLP-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors have now been proven to benefit heart health by having a direct impact on the cardiomyocyte. To cure and avoid diabetic cardiomyopathy new medicines are being researched, including miRNA and stem cell therapies.

New Horizons in Diabetic Neuropathies: An Updated Review on their Pathology, Diagnosis, Mechanism, Screening Techniques, Pharmacological, and Future Approaches.

BACKGROUND: One of the largest problems for global public health is diabetes mellitus (DM) and its micro and macrovascular consequences. Although prevention, diagnosis, and treatment have generally improved, its incidence is predicted to keep rising over the coming years. Due to the intricacy of the molecular mechanisms, which include inflammation, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis, among others, discovering treatments to stop or slow the course of diabetic complications is still a current unmet need. METHODS: The pathogenesis and development of diabetic neuropathies may be explained by a wide variety of molecular pathways, hexosamine pathways, such as MAPK pathway, PARP pathway, oxidative stress pathway polyol (sorbitol) pathway, cyclooxygenase pathway, and lipoxygenase pathway. Although diabetic neuropathies can be treated symptomatically, there are limited options for treating the underlying cause. RESULT: Various pathways and screening models involved in diabetic neuropathies are discussed, along with their possible outcomes. Moreover, both medicinal and non-medical approaches to therapy are also explored. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the probable involvement of several processes and pathways in the establishment of diabetic neuropathies and presents in-depth knowledge of new therapeutic approaches intended to stop, delay, or reverse different types of diabetic complications.

Current Landscape of Various Techniques and Methods of Gene Therapy through CRISPR Cas9 along with its Pharmacological and Interventional Therapies in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is frequently referred to as a "lifestyle illness". In 2000, India (31.7 million) had the greatest global prevalence of diabetes mellitus, followed by China (20.8 million), the United States (17.7 million), and other countries. In recent years, the treatment of gene therapy (T2DM) has attracted intensive interest. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to critically review the literature on the various techniques and methods, which may be a possible novel approach through the gene therapy CRISPR Cas9 and some other gene editing techniques for T2DM. Interventional and pharmacological approaches for the treatment of T2DM were also included to identify novel therapies for its treatment. METHOD: An extensive literature survey was done on databases like PubMed, Elsevier, Science Direct and Springer. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded from the study that recent advancements in gene-editing technologies, such as CRISPR Cas9, have opened new avenues for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for T2DM. CRISPR Cas9 is a powerful tool that enables precise and targeted modifications of the genome.

Recent Progress in the Understanding and Management of Acute Mountain Sickness: A Narrative Review.

BACKGROUND: Individuals at higher altitudes may experience a decrease in blood oxygen levels, which can result in a variety of clinical illnesses, such as high-altitude pulmonary edema, high-altitude cerebral edema, and milder but more common acute mountain sickness (AMS). OBJECTIVE: This study aims to review the current state of knowledge related to motion sickness, the risk of AMS, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for AMS. METHODS: Several databases, including PubMed, Bentham Science, Elsevier, Springer, and Research Gate, were used to compile the data for the article following a thorough analysis of the various research findings connected to acute mountain sickness and motion sickness, along with treatments and prevention. RESULTS: This article covers the research on mountain sickness as well as every imaginable form of conventional and alternative medicine. It contains ten medicinal plants that are useful in treating mountain sickness and various other remedies. Additionally, case studies are provided. CONCLUSION: Therefore, the information in the paper will help travel medicine specialists better personalize their appropriate care for patients who travel to high-altitude locations. Additionally, all available antiemetic medications, serotonin agonists, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and herbal treatments for motion sickness were discussed. The prevention and consequences of acute mountain sickness are also covered in this study.

Role of Nutraceuticals and Physical Activity in Parkinson's Disease Risk and Lifestyle Management.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease is a complicated, gradually progressive neurological illness characterized by locomotor and non-motor symptomatology that impedes daily activities. Despite significant advances in symptomatic therapies with various extents of negative effects, there are currently no disease-modifying medicinal alternatives. Symptoms worsen, creating an additional strain that reduces living quality and creates the perception that prescription drugs are no longer productive. OBJECTIVE: Adopting healthy lifestyle habits can help patients feel more empowered, promote wellness, relieve symptoms, and potentially slow neurodegeneration. Nutrition, intellectual stimulation, physical exercise, and stress reduction are all examples of lifestyle habits that improve cognitive health and life satisfaction. We discuss how changes in lifestyle, nutrition, yoga, exercise, and acupuncture can help with managing the disease's symptoms. METHODS: We searched Google Scholar for various research papers and review articles from publishers, such as Bentham Science, Elsevier, Taylor and Francis, Springer Nature, and others for gathering the data for the study. RESULTS: Pesticide exposure, environmental hazards, dietary choices, stress, and anxiety all have an indirect or immediate influence on the commencement of Parkinson's disease. Naturopathic remedies, such as nutraceuticals, yoga, exercise, and acupuncture, have been shown to help with Parkinson's disease management. CONCLUSION: Various preclinical and clinical studies have shown that the various factors mentioned are beneficial in the management of the disease, but more research is needed to validate the extent to which such factors are beneficial.

Current State and Future Perspective of Diabetic Wound Healing Treatment: Present Evidence from Clinical Trials.

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic condition that is becoming more common and is characterised by sustained hyperglycaemia and long-term health effects. Diabetes-related wounds often heal slowly and are more susceptible to infection because of hyperglycaemia in the wound beds. The diabetic lesion becomes harder to heal after planktonic bacterial cells form biofilms. A potential approach is the creation of hydrogels with many functions. High priority is given to a variety of processes, such as antimicrobial, pro-angiogenesis, and general pro-healing. Diabetes problems include diabetic amputations or chronic wounds (DM). Chronic diabetes wounds that do not heal are often caused by low oxygen levels, increased reactive oxygen species, and impaired vascularization. Several types of hydrogels have been developed to get rid of contamination by pathogens; these hydrogels help to clean up the infection, reduce wound inflammation, and avoid necrosis. This review paper will focus on the most recent improvements and breakthroughs in antibacterial hydrogels for treating chronic wounds in people with diabetes. Prominent and significant side effects of diabetes mellitus include foot ulcers. Antioxidants, along with oxidative stress, are essential to promote the healing of diabetic wounds. Some of the problems that can come from a foot ulcer are neuropathic diabetes, ischemia, infection, inadequate glucose control, poor nutrition, also very high morbidity. Given the worrying rise in diabetes and, by extension, diabetic wounds, future treatments must focus on the rapid healing of diabetic wounds.

CBD: A Potential Lead against Hair Loss, Alopecia, and its Potential Mechanisms.

BACKGROUND: Nowadays, the majority of the population suffers from the problem of hair loss. It leads to disturbed mental health, lower self-confidence, and a lot more problems. A lot of the hair loss therapies available are not reliable and lead to recurrence and side effects after some time. Cannabinoids (CBD) have recently become quite popular for their benefits against hair loss. CBD oil preparations have been used both internally and externally for oral and topical use, respectively. Due to the presence of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in the body, which naturally targets CB1 and CB2 receptors, the control of hair fall is possible. CBD is used topically for hair loss, whereas it is administered orally for the treatment and management of a medical condition, i.e., alopecia. AIM/OBJECTIVE: The present review aimed to provide an in-depth study on hair loss and its management using CBD and its associated mechanisms. METHODS: Electronic databases, such as ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, PubMed, Wiley, Springer, and Scopus, were thoroughly searched for information about how CBD is used, how it works, and what role it plays in treating alopecia and hair loss. RESULTS: This review has highlighted the use of CBD-based hair loss therapy, and described various types of hair loss and their treatments. This review also details the phytocannabinoids and the potential mechanisms of CBD's activity against hair loss and alopecia. CONCLUSION: The data obtained from the literature regarding CBD and hair loss provide a scientific basis for CBD use in alopecia. Additionally, a more precise and comprehensive study concerning CBD needs to be carried out at the pre-clinical and clinical levels.

Myocardial Infarction as a Consequence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction.

Acute myocardial infarction is an event of myocardial necrosis caused by unstable ischemic syndrome. Myocardial infarction (MI) occurs when blood stops flowing to the cardiac tissue or myocardium and the heart muscle gets damaged due to poor perfusion and reduced oxygen supply. Mitochondria can serve as the arbiter of cell fate in response to stress. Oxidative metabolism is the function of mitochondria within the cell. Cardiac cells being highly oxidative tissue generates about 90% of their energy through oxidative metabolism. In this review, we focused on the role of mitochondria in energy generation in myocytes as well as its consequences on heart cells causing cell damage. The role of mitochondrial dysfunction due to oxidative stress, production of reactive oxygen species, and anaerobic production of lactate as a failure of oxidative metabolism are also discussed.

Treatment of Parkinson's Disease: Current Treatments and Recent Therapeutic Developments.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative syndrome defined by a variety of motor, cognitive, and psychomotor dysfunctions. The current pharmaceutical treatment focuses on treating the condition's symptoms. They are primarily concerned with reducing illness symptoms or avoiding dopamine metabolism. As our understanding of disease pathogenesis improves, new therapeutic approaches emerge. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to describe the standard Parkinson's medications based on symptoms and requirements. It emphasizes recent advancements in symptomatic therapy for motor indications and achievements in the research and clinical testing of medicines that promise to enable disease modification in patients with already-manifest PD. METHODS: Information for this paper was found by looking through Google Scholar and reading several research and review articles from Bentham Science, Science Direct, Elsevier, Frontiers, Taylor & Francis, and other publishers. RESULT: Parkinson's disease therapeutic interventions are now limited to symptomatic therapy, mostly in dopaminergic medications and deep brain stimulation (DBS). They have the potential to deliver great therapeutic progress, yet they can also have serious drawbacks that decrease a patient's quality of life. The progress of pluripotent stem cell therapies and genome engineering procedures has sparked renewed hope for the treatment of a wide range of human illnesses, particularly genetic abnormalities. CONCLUSION: The current Parkinson's therapy trends are successful and continually evolving, with several drugs currently undergoing clinical trials. As these new therapies constantly coming out and can be used together, they will likely change how Parkinson's disease is treated in the coming years.

Diabetic Patients with COVID-19 Complications: Insights into Prevalence, Prognosis, Combination Medications, and Underlying Mechanisms.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 may have an impact on diabetes pathogenesis. For people with COVID-19 infection as well as for healthy individuals, blood glucose control is essential. Nowadays, innovations like telemedicine are helpful in treating diabetic patients. OBJECTIVES: We examined the data on the link between diabetes and COVID-19, the pathogenesis of diabetes, and treatment of COVID-19 infection in diabetic patients. METHODS: Up until October 2, 2021, the key terms 'COVID-19,' 'SARSCoV2,' 'diabetes,' and 'antidiabetic therapy' were searched in the PubMed database and Google Scholar. The full texts of the articles were accessed. RESULTS: Some diseases, for instance, diabetes, are continuously suggested as risk factor which result in the severity and mortality of COVID-19. However, to date, there are no comprehensive studies aiming to explain the exact relationship between diabetes and COVID-19. COVID-19 has been linked to an increased incidence and severity in diabetic patients. COVID-19 may have an impact on diabetes pathogenesis. Blood glucose control is critical not only for COVID-19-infected patients but also for those who do not have the condition. In today's world, innovations like telemedicine are helpful in treating diabetic patients. CONCLUSION: Thus, this study aims to summarize the evidence about diabetes and COVID-19 outbreak through a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. COVID-19 has been linked to an increased incidence and severity in diabetic patients.

Children And Adolescents With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Treatment And Management.

BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a disorder that causes stomach pain in children and adolescents. It may also impact one's quality of life. IBS is linked to gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhoea and constipation. Despite the identification of several potential pathophysiological pathways, the aetiology of IBS remained unknown. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to discuss the diagnosis, pathogenesis, case studies and treatment of Irritable bowel syndrome in children and adolescents. METHOD: This systematic review covered relevant papers from the previous ten years that were accessible in Science Direct, Elsevier, NCBI, and Web of Science related to the pathophysiology and function of pharmacological drugs such as antidepressants, antispasmodics, prokinetics, and antibiotics in children with irritable bowel syndrome. RESULT: Only a few prospective therapy techniques have been investigated in children, and even fewer of those have been demonstrated to be effective. This article presents case studies including 50-59 children, which demonstrate a favourable acceptable impact that is more effective than a placebo in terms of reducing symptoms and improving the overall quality of life in children who have irritable bowel syndrome. Furthermore, the majority of the pathophysiological explanations and treatment options discussed are based on adult studies. These major issues arose when treating paediatric IBS, and they must be addressed in order to properly treat children with IBS. Trials that focus on many combinations of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies seem to be more helpful. DISCUSSION: In recent years, a number of systematic reviews have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of medication treatments in children for IBS; however, the dependability of these systematic reviews needs to be further investigated owing to the various experimental designs and levels of evidence used. This article highlights paediatric therapy options, including pharmaceutical medications such as antidepressants, antispasmodics, prokinetics, and antibiotics. The goal is to alleviate IBS symptoms while also enhancing the quality of life for children with this illness.

A Systematic review of various in-vivo screening models as well as the mechanisms involved in Parkinson's disease screening procedures.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurological ailment. It is also known that it affects practically all other brain components, although only gradually. Animal models are mostly used to test the efficacy of treatment against a specific enzyme and to aid in the creation of a new drug dose. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this review paper is to highlight in vivo Parkinson's disease screening approaches, as well as the mechanism of action of each drug involved in Parkinson's disease development, and discuss the limitations of each model. In addition, also sheds light on Parkinson's disease genetic models. METHOD: The data for the publication was gathered from databases such as PubMed, Bentham Science, Elsevier, Springer Nature, Wiley, and Research Gate after a thorough examination of diverse research findings linked to Parkinson's disease and its screening models. RESULT: Each chemical or drug has a unique mechanism for causing disease, whether it's through the production of reactive oxygen species or the blockage of the dopamine receptor. Almost every symptom of the disease, whether physical or behavioral, is covered by each of the constructed models' unique set of indicators and symptoms. CONCLUSION: Animal models are typically used to assess a medicine's activity against a specific enzyme and to aid in the creation of a new drug dose. The process, restrictions, and mechanisms interfering with the screening, as well as the level of animal suffering, must all be thoroughly reviewed before any model for screening for Parkinson's disease can be implemented.

Liposomal delivery of 5 Fluorouracil and Tretinoin: An Aspect of Topical treatment of skin warts / Entrega liposomal de 5 fluorouracilo y tretinoína: un aspecto del tratamiento tópico de las verrugas cutáneas

Background: Tretinoin and 5-fluorouracil are indicated for treatment of various skin disorders and actinic keratosis respectively. Objective: Present study was focused to design liposomes containing 5- fluorouracil and tretinoin. Design was further optimized by 32 full factorial design. Methods: Liposomes were prepared by ethanol injection method and evaluated by Transmission Electron Microscopy, percentage entrapment efficiency, zeta potential and in vitro drug release. Optimized formulation was subjected to histopathological and stability studies at 4ºC, 25ºC and 60ºC temperatures. Results: No drug crystals were visible in transmission electron microscopy, regardless of the preparation technique or the loaded drug. Formulation F9 showed maximum drug entrapment of 72.86% and 69.70% for 5-fluorouraciland tretinoin respectively. When phospholipid concentration was increased from 40 to 60 mg/ml, encapsulation efficiencies of formulation increased. Zeta potential and particle size were maintained within range of -19.14 to -25.61 and 100 to 200 nm respectively which facilitated good stability and penetration of liposomes. Dissolution profiles of formulations F1 to F6 showed high amount of drug release (30.6 to 67.42%) at 2 h. Liposomes were not stable at high temperature but formulations were most stable when stored at lower temperature i.e. 4oC. Conclusion: So, in liposomes both 5-fluorouracil and tretinoin were successfully incorporated and it can be further used for formulation development

Objetivo: El presente estudio se centró en el diseño de liposomas que contenían 5-fluorouracilo y tretinoína. El diseño fue optimizado por 32 diseño factorial completo. Metodos: Los liposomas se prepararon mediante el método de inyección de etanol y se evaluaron mediante Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión, % de eficiencia de encapsulación, potencial zeta y liberación de fármaco in vitro. La formulación optimizada se sometió a estudios histopatológicos y de estabilidad a temperaturas de 4ºC, 25ºC y 60ºC. Resultados: Ningún cristal de los fármacos era visibles en el Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión, sin importar la técnica de la preparación o el fármaco cargado. La formulación F9 demostró el atrapamiento máximo del fármaco del 72,86% y del 69,70% para 5-fluorouracilo y tretinoína respectivamente. Cuando la concentración del fosfolípido fue aumentada a partir de 40 a 60 mg/ml, las eficiencias de encapsulación de la formulación aumentaron. El potencial de zeta y el tamaño de partícula fueron mantenidos dentro de la gama de-19,14 a -25,61 y 100 a 200 nanómetros respectivamente, que facilitó la buena estabilidad y la penetración de liposomas. Los perfiles de disolución de las formulaciones F1 a F6 mostraron una alta cantidad de liberación de fármaco (30,6 a 67,42%) a las 2h. Los liposomas no eran estables a alta temperatura, pero las formulaciones eran más estables cuando se almacenaban a una temperatura más baja, es decir, 4 ºC. Concusiones: Así, en los liposomas, tanto los fármacos 5-fluorouracilo como los tretinoína se incorporaron con éxito y se pueden utilizar para el desarrollo de la formulación