Cardiovascular manifestations secondary to COVID-19: A narrative review.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spread rapidly, becoming a major threat to global health. In addition to having required the adaptation of healthcare workers for almost 2 years, it has been much talked about, both in the media and among the scientific community. Beyond lung damage and respiratory symptoms, the involvement of the cardiovascular system largely explains COVID-19 morbimortality. In this review, we emphasize that cardiovascular involvement is common and is associated with a worse prognosis, and that earlier detection by physicians should lead to better management. First, direct cardiac involvement will be discussed, in the form of COVID-19 myocarditis, then secondary cardiac involvement, such as myocardial injury, myocardial infarction and arrhythmias, will be considered. Finally, worsening of previous cardiovascular disease as a result of COVID-19 will be examined, as well as long-term COVID-19 effects and cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 vaccines.

[Sudden cardiac death and anomalous connections of the coronary arteries: What is known and what is unknown?] / Mort subite cardiaque et anomalies de connexion des artères coronaires : connaissances et questions.

Some anomalous connections of the coronary arteries may be associated with a risk of sudden cardiac death. In opposite with others cardiac diseases at risk of sudden cardiac death, the relationship between these congenital abnormalities and the risk of sudden cardiac death are not well understood. A correction of the anomaly is generally indicated after an aborted sudden cardiac death. Primary prevention strategy after the discovery of an anomaly at risk is debated. Even if the absolute risk of sudden death is very low, a pre-participation screening in young athletes may be discussed due to a non-rare incidence.

[Sudden cardiac death: A better understanting for a better prevention]. / Mort subite de l'adulte : une meilleure compréhension pour une meilleure prévention.

Sudden cardiac death is defined as a natural and unexpected death, in a previous apparently healthy individual. It represents a major public health issue, with up to 50% of the cardiovascular mortality. Using data from the Paris Sudden Death Expertise Centre registry, this article summarises the main cardiovascular abnormalities associated with sudden cardiac death, the different preventives approaches, and provides a systematic diagnostic approach.

[Cardiac arrhythmias: Diagnosis and management]. / Troubles du rythme cardiaque : diagnostic et prise en charge.

Cardiac arrhythmias, with, on top of the list, atrial fibrillation, are frequent conditions and any physician might have to get involved at any stage of patient care (from diagnosis to treatment), without always having the opportunity to immediately refer to the cardiologist. The aim of this review is to present a summary of pathophysiology, clinical and electrocardiographic presentations, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the main cardiac arrhythmias. Supra-ventricular tachycardias (atrial fibrillation and flutter, atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardias) and ventricular tachycardias will be consecutively presented and discussed.

Absence of mutations in the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) in malignant melanoma.

During recent years it has become evident that protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt plays an important role in oncogenic transformation. The gene for PKB/Akt has been found to be overexpressed in certain human tumours and a viral fusion protein gains transforming capacity. Recruitment to the plasma membrane is mandatory for the physiological activation of PKB/Akt; this shift from cytoplasm to the membrane is achieved by the N-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. We attempted to find out whether mutations of this domain were present in human malignant melanoma. RNA from 18 primary melanoma lesions of different sizes and histological subtypes and two melanoma metastases from 20 Caucasian patients were used for reverse transcription and subsequent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the PH domain of PKB/Akt alpha. Cycle sequencing of the purified PCR products showed that mutations of the PH domain of PKB/Akt were absent in all 20 melanoma specimens. In virtual Northern hybridizations PKB/Akt showed a low expression in both melanomas and acquired melanocytic naevi; however, no overexpression of PKB/Akt was detected. Thus in human melanoma PH domain mutations of PKB/Akt do not play a major role in melanoma carcinogenesis.

Mutations of the PH domain of protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) are absent in human epidermal skin tumors.

BACKGROUND: While for most human solid tumors genetic alterations of few distinct genetic regions have been found, studies on basal cell carcinomas (BCC) have shown the prevalence of several abnormalities including alterations of the three ras genes, GAP (GTPase activating protein), p53, PTCH (the human homologue of Drosophila patched) and SMOH (the human homologue of Drosophila smoothened). On the other hand, during the last decade, a new oncogene, protein kinase B (PKB/AKT), has been characterized and found to be overexpressed in certain human tumors. In vivo activation of PKB/AKT necessitates its recruitment to the cell membrane mediated by the N-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether mutations of this mandatory domain are present in a subset of human epidermal skin tumors. METHODS: RNA of 19 human skin tumors including 13 BCC, 4 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC; including 1 keratoacanthoma) and 2 neurofibromas of different size and tumor stage were used for reverse transcription and subsequent PCR amplification of the PH domain of PKB/AKT. RESULTS: Cycle sequencing of the purified PCR products did not reveal any mutation of the PH domain of PKB/AKT. CONCLUSION: In human BCC and SCC, mutations of the PH domain of PKT/AKT do not play a major role during the carcinogenesis of these tumors.

Are responses to therapy of metastasized malignant melanoma reflected by decreasing serum values of S100beta or melanoma inhibitory activity (MIA)?

In metastatic melanoma S100beta as well as melanoma inhibitory activity (MIA) are elevated in the serum in the majority of patients. Elevation has been found to correlate with shorter survival, and changes in these parameters in the serum during therapy were recently reported to predict therapeutic outcome in advanced disease. However, the value of these markers with respect to other possible markers by multivariate analysis has not yet been proven for individual patients. In this prospective study, S100beta and MIA were measured in the serum of 67 consecutive patients before and following treatment. Analysing both the sensitivity and the specificity of the serum parameters by the areas under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves, decreases in S100beta and MIA during therapy were associated with response to therapy, while increases indicated progressive disease. Unexpectedly, the individual diagnostic value of changes in tumour markers during therapy was not superior to one-point measurements at restaging. Moreover, S100beta and MIA were not superior to the conventional parameters lactate dehydrogenase and C-reactive protein (CRP) on multiple logistic regression analysis. Applying classification and regression trees (CARTs), one-point measurements of CRP was shown to be the most relevant overall parameter.

[Disseminated melanoma cells in blood and bone marrow. Significance and detection by potential tumor markers]. / Disseminierte Melanomzellen in Blut und Knochenmark. Bedeutung und Nachweis durch potenzielle Tumormarker.

As the majority of primary malignant melanomas can be cured by surgical excision, the prognosis of melanomas is dependent on whether tumor cells have disseminated orare capable of doing so at the time of surgery. A prospective and valid detection of this minimal residual disease is not currently possible. The most important known so-called markers of melanoma disease, tyrosinase, S100 and MIA, all are more likely to be present in patients with more advanced disease. A valid prognostic effect has only been shown for S100 in patients with already identified metastatic disease. Further prospective studies are required to determine the potential gain of information by routine determination of these markers in melanoma patients.

[Therapy of metastatic malignant uveal melanoma]. / Therapie des metastasierten malignen Uveamelanoms.

The uvea is the most common site for extra-cutaneous melanoma and uveal melanoma is the most frequent primary intraocular tumour in adults. Because its different location, biology, histology, genetic features and prognosis in comparison to cutaneous melanoma, this tumour is considered as a distinct entity in the group of malignant melanoma. While primary uveal melanoma is usually treated by ophthalmologic oncologists, metastatic diseases is often managed by dermatologic oncologists. Hematogenous spread predominantly involves the liver and is often restricted to this organ for a long period. Metastatic uveal melanoma is usually resistant to chemotherapeutic regimens established for the therapy of cutaneous melanoma. Newer therapeutic modalities, such as local intra-arterial chemotherapy into the hepatic artery, perhaps combined with embolisation of feeder blood vessels of liver metastases, improves the prognosis of metastatic uveal melanoma. Currently the nitrosourea derivate fotemustine is the drug of choice in the local hepatic and systemic treatment and seems to be superior to other chemotherapeutic agents. Following the characterisation of primary uveal melanoma, we summarize the results of different treatment protocols for metastatic disease and give an overview of new strategies.

Prognosis of metastatic melanoma: no correlation of tyrosinase mRNA in bone marrow and survival time.

Recent publications suggest that tyrosinase mRNA in blood as well as in bone marrow is detectable only in a subgroup of patients with metastatic melanoma. This would imply that tyrosinase mRNA is of limited value as a tumor marker. We addressed the question of whether patients with metastatic melanoma and RT-PCR-detectable tyrosinase mRNA in blood or bone marrow have a different prognosis than tyrosinase mRNA-negative patients. Twenty melanoma patients with widespread clinical metastases were enrolled; the survival time after first diagnosis of visceral metastases was correlated to tyrosinase mRNA presence in blood and bone marrow samples. The time of survival of eight patients with metastatic melanoma and detectable tyrosinase mRNA in either blood or bone marrow was not different from the prognosis of 12 patients without detectable tyrosinase mRNA in either blood or bone marrow. Detection of tyrosinase mRNA in blood or bone marrow samples of melanoma patients with advanced disease seems to have no substantial relevance for survival time and outcome of disease. In this constellation, detection of tyrosinase mRNA by RT-PCR is not a valid tumor marker. Nevertheless, tyrosinase positivity in bone marrow in earlier tumor stages might indicate increased risk for the development of distant metastases. This should be addressed in further studies.

Transient complete remission of metastasized Merkel cell carcinoma by high-dose polychemotherapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare cutaneous tumour with neuroendocrine differentiation. Metastasis occurs preferentially to regional lymph nodes but distant and multiple visceral metastases may occur. Chemotherapy has been performed with a variety of protocols based largely on agents active in small-cell lung cancer. Owing to the rarity of MCC, there is no standard protocol for the treatment of metastatic disease. We report a 59-year-old patient with systemic metastatic MCC. After diagnosis of distant metastases, first-line polychemotherapy (cisplatin 80 mg m(-2), doxorubicin 50 mg m(-2), etoposide 300 mg m(-2) and bleomycin 30 mg) was administered four times at 3-weekly intervals and resulted in partial remission of metastases. Subsequently, high-dose chemotherapy according to the PEI regimen (ifosfamide 12 g m(-2), carboplatin 900 mg m(-2) and etoposide 1500 mg m(-2)) was applied, followed by autologous blood stem cell transplantation (ABSCT). This protocol resulted in a complete remission that lasted for 6 months. This is the first report on a complete remission of metastatic MCC after high-dose polychemotherapy and ABSCT. High-dose chemotherapy might be a therapeutic option in chemosensitive metastatic MCC, and further evaluation is warranted.

No correlation of tyrosinase mRNA in bone marrow with prognosis of metastatic melanoma.

BACKGROUND: Recent publications suggest that tyrosinase mRNA in blood as well as in bone marrow is detectable only in a subgroup of patients with metastatic melanoma. OBJECTIVE: We addressed the question, whether patients with metastatic melanoma and with RT-PCR-detectable tyrosinase mRNA in blood or bone marrow have a different prognosis compared to tyrosinase mRNA-negative patients. METHODS: 20 melanoma patients with widespread clinical metastases were enrolled and the survival time after first diagnosis of visceral metastases was correlated to tyrosinase mRNA presence in blood and bone marrow samples. RESULTS: The time of survival of 8 patients with metastatic melanoma and detectable tyrosinase mRNA in either blood or bone marrow was not different from the prognosis of 12 patients without detectable tyrosinase mRNA in either blood or bone marrow. CONCLUSION: Although based on a limited number of patients our results suggest that detection of tyrosinase mRNA in blood or bone marrow samples of melanoma patients with advanced disease seems to have no substantial relevance for survival time and outcome of disease. For this purpose, detection of tyrosinase mRNA by RT-PCR is not a valid tumor marker. Nevertheless, tyrosinase positivity in bone marrow in earlier tumor stages might indicate increased risk for the development of distant metastases. This should be addressed in further studies.

Interleukin-6 and its surrogate C-reactive protein are useful serum markers for monitoring metastasized malignant melanoma.

Malignant melanoma cells are known to secrete interleukin-6, and elevated interleukin-6 serum levels were reported to correlate with shorter median survival rates. We, therefore, investigated serum values of interleukin-6 and its surrogate C-reactive protein for the ability to discriminate progressive from non-progressive metastatic melanoma disease. Just prior to re-staging examinations, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and the conventional parameter lactate dehydrogenase were determined in 74 patients with stage IV malignant melanoma according to the criteria of the American Joint Committee on Cancer. We found all tested serum parameters to be significantly elevated in progressive disease. Calculating sensitivities and specificities by logistic regression analysis, the highest sensitivities, according to the established thresholds, were found for interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein with 86% and 76%, respectively. Lactate dehydrogenase had the highest specificity with 94%. Calculating Somers' D rank correlation and the area under the "Receiver Operating Characteristic" curve, all three parameters showed high ability to driscriminate progressive from non-progressive disease. By multiple logistic regression, lactate dehydrogenase was identified to be the most statistically significant marker for progressive disease. We conclude that, comparable to lactate dehydrogenase, interleukin-6 and its surrogate C-reactive protein are useful serum markers for monitoring metastatic malignant melanoma.

S100-Beta, melanoma-inhibiting activity, and lactate dehydrogenase discriminate progressive from nonprogressive American Joint Committee on Cancer stage IV melanoma.

PURPOSE: Monitoring advanced malignant melanoma, serum levels of S100-beta (S100beta) and melanoma-inhibiting activity (MIA) were assessed for the ability to discriminate progressive from nonprogressive disease. S100beta and MIA were supposed to be superior to conventional variables, such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy-one patients with stage IV malignant melanoma according to the criteria of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) were included in the study. Results of restaging examinations were used as an independent reference standard for diagnosing progressive disease, and S100beta, MIA, LDH level, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were determined in venous blood just before restaging. Sensitivities and specificities of the parameters were calculated by logistic regression analysis. Discrimination ability was assessed by Somers' D(xy) rank correlation and the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC). RESULTS: All tested serum parameters were significantly elevated in patients with progressive disease. The highest sensitivities according to the established thresholds were found for S100beta and MIA (91% and 88%, respectively). LDH had the highest specificity (92%). ESR was dropped from the analysis because of low specificity. In calculating Somers' D(xy) and ROC-AUC values, S100beta, MIA, and LDH showed high discrimination ability. By multiple logistic regression, LDH was identified to be the only statistically significant marker for progressive disease. S100beta and MIA did not provide additional significant information because of their high correlation with LDH with respect to clinical outcome. CONCLUSION: Elevated serum levels of S100beta, MIA, and LDH indicate current disease progression in AJCC stage IV melanoma. LDH was the most relevant overall parameter.

[Pathogenesis of malignant melanoma. Molecular biology aspect]. / Pathogenese des malignen Melanoms. Molekularbiologische Aspekte.

The incidence of melanoma, the most aggressive tumor of the skin, is increasing worldwide. The genetic mechanisms responsible for the initiation and progression of melanoma are poorly understood. Mutations of p16 (CDKN2), p53, ras, neurofibromatosis type I gene (NF-1), bcl2 and the retinoblastoma gene have been described, but none are common. Suggesting heterogeneous mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Both familial inheritance of potential tumor suppressor genes, e.g. p16, and differences in DNA-repair capacity contribute to the individual risk for melanoma. The most important carcinogen for melanoma seems to be u.v. exposition whose mutagenic effects can be demonstrated by molecular analysis of detected point mutations in relevant genes. The u.v.-induced DNA damage generates mutations which are capable of activating proto-oncogenes or inactivating tumor suppressor genes, demonstrating the molecular link between u.v. exposition, DNA damage, mutations and tumor initiation and/or progression. A stage-dependent model of melanoma carcinogenesis analogous to colorectal cancer remains to be established, despite the existence of morphologically and histopathologically well defined melanoma precursor lesions in the skin.

The human herpesvirus-type 8 is not involved in malignant melanoma.

Malignant melanomas were supposed to harbour the human herpesvirus-type 8 (HHV-8) genome, as melanoma cells were reported to express interleukin-6 and a homologue of interleukin-6 was found in the HHV-8 genome. We therefore investigated 33 primary malignant melanomas by polymerase chain reaction, but could not find this tumorigenic gamma-herpesvirus in any tumour.

[S-100 beta protein in serum, a tumor marker in malignant melanoma-- current state of knowledge and clinical experience]. / S-100 beta-Protein im Serum als Tumormarker beim malignen Melanom. Aktueller Kenntnisstand und Klinische Erfahrungen.

S100 is an acidic-calcium-binding protein, composed as a heterodimer of two isomeric subunits alpha and beta and was first described in cells of neuroendocrine origin. It plays an important role in various cellular processes such as cell differentiation and proliferation and interacts with the tumour suppressor gene p53.S100 is also present in melanoma cells and its immunhistochemical detection is widely used in the histopathological diagnosis of malignant melanoma. S100 has been detected in the serum of patients with malignant melanoma and many clinical studies have been performed to establish this protein as a tumor marker in different stages of the disease. The data suggest that S-100 beta-protein in serum of patients with malignant melanoma could be an independent prognostic marker and an additional clinical parameter for progression of metastatic disease and serological monitoring during systemic therapy. However there are patients in stage of lymph node- or systemic metastasis with negative S-100 beta-serum levels and no correlation to the course of disease. Our results confirm the findings for patients in stage III/IV. However, the percentage of S-100 beta-positive patients in stage III/IV is lower than reported in the literature, if repeatedly positive samples are excluded from statistical analysis. For monitoring in stage I and II it seems to be not helpful.