Subject(s)
Endocarditis, Bacterial/diagnosis , Pulmonary Valve/diagnostic imaging , Echocardiography, Transesophageal , Endocarditis, Bacterial/microbiology , Enterococcus faecalis/isolation & purification , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/diagnosis , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pulmonary Valve/microbiologyABSTRACT
Intravenous self-administration of petroleum distillates is a rare condition. Most experience with petroleum distillates poisoning is with ingestion by children, and the most common and serious manifestation is chemical pneumonitis. We report a case of chemical pneumonitis after intravenous self-administration of ink solvent.
Subject(s)
Petroleum/poisoning , Pneumonia/chemically induced , Substance Abuse, Intravenous , Adult , Humans , Injections, Intravenous , Lung/drug effects , Male , Pneumonia/diagnosis , Pneumonia/therapy , Solvents/poisoningABSTRACT
Arylsulfatase A belongs to the sulfatase family whose members carry a Calpha-formylglycine that is post-translationally generated by oxidation of a conserved cysteine or serine residue. The formylglycine acts as an aldehyde hydrate with two geminal hydroxyls being involved in catalysis of sulfate ester cleavage. In arylsulfatase A and N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfatase this formylglycine was found to form the active site together with a divalent cation and a number of polar residues, tightly interconnected by a net of hydrogen bonds. Most of these putative active site residues are highly conserved among the eukaryotic and prokaryotic members of the sulfatase family. To analyze their function in binding and cleaving sulfate esters, we substituted a total of nine putative active site residues of human ASA by alanine (Asp29, Asp30, Asp281, Asn282, His125, His229, Lys123, Lys302, and Ser150). In addition the Mg2+-complexing residues (Asp29, Asp30, Asp281, and Asn282) were substituted conservatively by either asparagine or aspartate. In all mutants Vmax was decreased to 1-26% of wild type activity. The Km was more than 10-fold increased in K123A and K302A and up to 5-fold in the other mutants. In all mutants the pH optimum was increased from 4.5 by 0.2-0.8 units. These results indicate that each of the nine residues examined is critical for catalytic activity, Lys123 and Lys302 by binding the substrate and the others by direct (His125 and Asp281) or indirect participation in catalysis. The shift in the pH optimum is explained by two deprotonation steps that have been proposed for sulfate ester cleavage.
