ABSTRACT
The prevalence and predictors of osteoporosis and osteopenia remain to be examined in the postmenopausal women of Punjab, India. The present cross-sectional study screened 1628 postmenopausal women during September 2019 to March 2020. Osteoporosis and osteopenia were confirmed on the basis of T-scores using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the hip (femoral neck) and lumbar spine regions (L1−L4 vertebrae). The prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia was observed to be 30.50% and 44.20%, respectively, in postmenopausal women of Punjab. In univariable and multivariable regression analysis, variables independently influencing the risk of osteoporosis and osteopenia were: higher systolic blood pressure (95%CI: 1.22−3.11 & 1.08−2.49), triglyceride levels (95%CI: 1.21−3.10 & 1.42−2.51), poor sleep quality (95%CI: 1.91−2.47 & 1.76−3.47) and C-reactive protein levels (95%CI: 2.18−3.56 & 1.03−2.18). Years since menopause >10 years was observed to be an independent predictor for the risk of osteopenia but not for osteoporosis. Higher body mass index (>30 kg·m−2) was observed to be a significant protective factor against the risk of osteoporosis (95%CI: 0.26−0.68) and osteopenia (95%CI: 0.19−0.52). The higher prevalence rates of osteoporosis and osteopenia in postmenopausal women of Punjab are alarming, which solicits awareness and earlier testing of those women who are approaching menopause.
