ABSTRACT
Investigators examined 5,654 children enrolled in the El Paso, Texas, public school district by questionnaire in 2001. Exposure measurements were first collected in the late fall of 1999. School-level and residence-level exposures to traffic-related air pollutants were estimated using a land use regression model. For 1,529 children with spirometry, overall geographic information system (GIS)-modeled residential levels of traffic-related ambient air pollution (calibrated to a 10-ppb increment in nitrogen dioxide levels) were associated with a 2.4% decrement in forced vital capacity (95% confidence interval (CI): -4.0, -0.7) after adjustment for demographic, anthropomorphic, and socioeconomic factors and spirometer/technician effects. After adjustment for these potential covariates, overall GIS-modeled residential levels of traffic-related ambient air pollution (calibrated to a 10-ppb increment in nitrogen dioxide levels) were associated with pulmonary function levels below 85% of those predicted for both forced vital capacity (odds ratio (OR) = 3.10, 95% CI: 1.65, 5.78) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (OR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.38, 4.01). For children attending schools at elevations above 1,170 m, a 10-ppb increment in modeled nitrogen dioxide levels was associated with current asthma (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.08, 2.50) after adjustment for demographic, socioeconomic, and parental factors and random school effects. These results are consistent with previous studies in Europe and California that found adverse health outcomes in children associated with modeled traffic-related air pollutants.
Subject(s)
Air Pollution/adverse effects , Lung Diseases/chemically induced , Air Pollution/statistics & numerical data , Child , Female , Geographic Information Systems , Humans , Logistic Models , Lung Diseases/epidemiology , Male , Motor Vehicles/statistics & numerical data , Nitrogen Dioxide/adverse effects , Odds Ratio , Spirometry , Texas/epidemiology , Urban Population/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The time interval between diagnoses of breast and epithelial ovarian cancer is not well established in women with dual primary tumors of both organ sites. Our goals were to examine the time interval between diagnoses and identify any relationship to clinicopathologic factors. METHODS: We identified 49 patients who developed both cancers. These patients were divided into two groups: group 1 patients developed breast cancer first, group 2 patients had ovarian before breast cancer. The risk of a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation in our study subjects was estimated using the BRCAPRO. Parameters were compared using either the chi(2) or the Kruskal-Wallace test. RESULTS: There were 26 and 23 patients in groups 1 and 2, respectively. The mean time interval was longer in group 2 (86 vs. 45 months; P = 0.013). Median PFS and OS were longer in group 2 for both cancers [PFS: 161 vs. 61 months for breast (P = 0.85) and 132 vs. 39 months for ovarian (P = 0.019); OS: 250 vs. 115 months for breast (P = 0.77) and 277 vs. 42 months for ovarian (P = 0.0013)]. OS was longer in group 2 for both cancers combined 217 vs. 115 (P = 0.026). The estimated risk of BRCA mutation was at least 20% in the majority of the patents. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicates that the time interval between the diagnosis of breast and ovarian carcinomas is 4 years. In contrast, the time interval between the diagnosis of ovarian and breast carcinomas is 7 years. These results could be useful in counseling women at risk.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Neoplasms, Second Primary/diagnosis , Ovarian Neoplasms/diagnosis , Peritoneal Neoplasms/diagnosis , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Female , Genes, BRCA1 , Genes, BRCA2 , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Humans , Middle Aged , Mutation , Neoplasm Staging , Neoplasms, Second Primary/pathology , Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics , Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology , Peritoneal Neoplasms/genetics , Peritoneal Neoplasms/pathology , Retrospective Studies , Time FactorsABSTRACT
This pilot study enrolled 20 children between the ages of 11 and 17 months in Imperial County, California to assess children's pesticide exposure and residential proximity to agricultural fields. We compared parental self-report of residential proximity to agricultural fields to measurements using global positioning system/geographical information system (GPS/GIS) technology, and we assessed the relationship between residential proximity to agricultural fields and a biomarker of organophosphate (OP) pesticide exposure. Questionnaires were administered twice, 4 weeks apart, to determine self-reported residential proximity to agricultural fields. Urine samples were collected at each contact to measure OP metabolites. Actual residential proximity to the closest agricultural field and number of fields was within 1 mile to the west were measured using GPS/GIS. Self-report of living proximity to agricultural fields agreed with GPS/GIS measurement 75% of the time during the initial interview, compared to 66% agreement during the second interview. Presence of urinary metabolites suggests that OP exposure was ubiquitous: creatinine-adjusted total urinary dimethyl values ranged from 1.60 to 516.00 microg/g creatinine, and total diethyl ranged from 2.70 to 134.84 microg/g creatinine. No association was found between urinary OP metabolites and residential to field proximity. These results suggest that initial self-report of living proximity to agricultural fields may be more accurate than follow-up self-report. Limitations in this pilot study prevent determination of whether self-report is an accurate measure of proximity.
