Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/secondary , Fingers , Soft Tissue Neoplasms/secondary , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology , Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/diagnostic imaging , Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/pathology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Radiography , Soft Tissue Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
Recent advances in external fixation hardware, frame application, and pin-site care have resulted in the evolution of external fixation as a safe and versatile technique. It provides skeletal stability, access to the site of injury, and allows early mobilization. It avoids the disadvantages of additional soft-tissue stripping and the foreign body introduction associated with internal fixation of open fractures. The utility of external fixation principles in open hand and wrist fractures is well established. Indications for external fixation in open fractures of the forearm, elbow, and arm are more restricted. External fixation in these locations should probably be limited to situations of marked fracture comminution, bone loss, or extensive soft-tissue damage.
Subject(s)
Arm Injuries/surgery , External Fixators , Fracture Fixation/methods , Fractures, Open/surgery , Clavicle/surgery , Finger Injuries/surgery , Fracture Fixation/instrumentation , Humans , Humerus/surgery , Metacarpus/injuries , Metacarpus/surgery , Radius Fractures/surgery , Ulna Fractures/surgery , Wrist Injuries/surgerySubject(s)
Chordoma/diagnosis , Neoplasms, Second Primary/diagnosis , Spinal Neoplasms/diagnosis , Thoracic Vertebrae , Aged , Carcinoma, Small Cell/surgery , Chordoma/radiotherapy , Chordoma/surgery , Female , Humans , Lung Neoplasms/surgery , Neoplasms, Second Primary/radiotherapy , Neoplasms, Second Primary/surgery , Spinal Cord Compression/etiology , Spinal Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Spinal Neoplasms/surgerySubject(s)
Cerebellum/anatomy & histology , Mesencephalon/anatomy & histology , Opossums/anatomy & histology , Thalamic Nuclei/anatomy & histology , Animals , Brain Stem/physiology , Cerebellar Nuclei/physiology , Diencephalon/anatomy & histology , Medulla Oblongata/anatomy & histology , Nerve Degeneration , Neural Pathways/anatomy & histology , Neurons, Afferent , Parietal Lobe/anatomy & histology , Somatosensory Cortex/anatomy & histology , Spinal Cord/physiologySubject(s)
Motor Cortex/cytology , Somatosensory Cortex/cytology , Animals , Axons , Cerebral Cortex/cytology , Dendrites , Histology, Comparative , Mammals , Opossums , Parietal Lobe/cytology , Placenta , SynapsesABSTRACT
An interferogram of the wavefront deformation to a flat wave caused by an aircraft or spacecraft window contains all the error contribution effects of the window. The interferogram may be analyzed to determine the slope of this wavefront at a given point, which yields the angular deviation to a line of sight through the point. The interferogram as used in this study is a two-dimensional photo representing the three-dimensional relationship of the transmitted wave relative to the flat reference wave. The progression from light to dark fringes is the progression of the third dimension normal to the photo, and the fringes are thus similar to contour lines on a topographic map. To demonstrate the ability to obtain interferograms, to analyze interferograms, and to achieve sufficient accuracy, an aircraft window and spacecraft window were studied in an experimental test. The deviations to a line of sight were derived from transmitted wave interferograms obtained in the laboratory and were also measured precisely by an autocollimator system. The standard deviation of the transmitted wave deviations derived from interferograms relative to directly measured deviations was 0.7 sec of arc, indicating that the transmitted wave interferogram method is a good tool for window error determination.
