Comparison of Urine Culture and Urine Dipstick Nitrite Test in Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection

UTI is one of the most frequent bacterial diseases in all group of the age. The most widespread reference method for UTI is conventional urine culture. Dipsticks nitrite test is commonly used in primary care to predict the subsequent diagnosis of urinary tract infection also it helps in early detection of UTI by avoiding the complication of UTI in causing other diseases. The current study was carried out to determine the sensitivity; specificity of Nitrite (NIT) testing in relation to urine culture. A total of 1043 mid stream urine samples from patients who attend KFH; Kigali; at the microbiology service for bacteriological analysis of urine from January 2014 to March 2014 were included in the study. Urine culture and dipstick tests were carried out on urine samples of all patients. Urinalysis and nitrite were performed in fresh and uncentrifuged urine by using urine dip stick. The urine culture was considered as gold standard. Urine cultures were positive in 165 (15.8) patients. Dipstick tests of urine were positive in 61(5.8) patients. Sensitivity; specificity; positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of Dipstick test were 36.6; 99.9 and 87.8 respectively. The results suggest that any method of urine screening shouldn't be substituted for a urine culture in patient with suspicion of UTI

Antibiotic sensitivity patterns of enterobacteriaceae isolated at King Faisal Hospital; Kigali - a three years study

Introduction: A great concern exists about the emergence of antibiotic resistant organisms. The goal of this study is to delineate antibiotic sensitivity patterns at King Faisal Hospital. Methods: A three years study; from Jan 2009 to Dec 2011 was conducted in the Microbiology unit; department of Laboratory; King Faisal hospital; Rwanda. All the specimens and antibiotic sensitivity were processed according to the standard guidelines. Microorganisms and their sensitivity data were reviewed and compiled by using hospital information system. Results: Over the 3-year period; several Enterobacteriaceae pathogens declined in susceptibility to various antimicrobial agents. A total of 2153 Enterobacteriaceae were isolated. Most common isolate was Escherichia coli check for this species in other resources (1413) followed by Klebsiella check for this species in other resources species (550); Enterobacter check for this species in other resources species (110); Proteus check for this species in other resources species (165); Citrobacter check for this species in other resources Species (79); Shigella check for this species in other resources species (110) and other species. Most notable were the decreased sensitivities to cefuroxime: E. coli (84 to 72); Klebsiella (78 to 33); Enterobacter (50 to 41) Proteus(67 to 59) and Shigella to ciprofloxacin (100 to 96). And also decreased sensitivities to Imipenem: E. coli (100 to 98) and Klebsiella species (100 to 94). Conclusion: These decreased antibiotic sensitivities reflect increased bacterial selection pressure as a result of widespread antibiotic use. A combined approach involving infection-control specialists; infectious disease physicians; and hospital administrators is necessary to address this increasingly difficult problem

Reference values for serum protein and electrolyte study from Rwanda.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate reference values of serum proteins and electrolytes in a student population in Butare, Rwanda (altitude: 1768 m; barometric pressure: 629 mm Hg). DESIGN: A laboratory based cross-sectional study. SETTING: The units of physiology and clinical chemistry, department of medical biology, Butare University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, National University of Rwanda, from February 2002 to May 2003. SUBJECTS: Young healthy adults were selected randomly from the students of the National University of Rwanda, using Epi-Info 6.04 software. RESULTS: The results mean and reference range (2.5th-97.5th percentile) in brackets - are as follows: total proteins: male: 7.3 (6.3-8.4) g/dL, female: 7.3 (6.5-8.5) g/dL; albumin: male: 4.3 (3.1-5.2) g/dL, female: 4.1 (3.2-5.0) g/dL; globulins: male: 3.1 (2.0-4.2) g/dL. female: 3.2 (2.1-4.2) g/dL; sodium: male: 138.5 (130-147) mmol/L, female: 139.8 (132-153) mmol/L; potassium: 4.0 (3.1-5.0) mmol/L both in male and in female; chloride: males: 104.4 (96-112) mmol/L, females: 106.1 (98-114) mmol/L; phosphates: male: 1.13 (0.65-1.59) mmol/L, female: 1.17 (0.71-1.52) mmol/L. CONCLUSION: The values of serum proteins and electrolytes are comparable to classical sea level values; however there is a slight increase in serum chloride.

Therapeutic effect of an anti-HIV candidate vaccine.

A chimpanzee infected with the HIV since 8 months and presenting regularly with antigenemia was inoculated with a candidate vaccine. It received 3 doses, one dose every 15 days. Thirty days after the third injection, we noted the disappearance of the HIV antigens in the serum and its persistence in the lysate of the cells. We noted also a strong precipitation reaction both in the tube and in the gel between the antibodies and the antigens released by the lysis of the cells. The analysis of this precipitate demonstrated that it was constituted of immune complexes in which the antibodies were of high affinity. At the 240th day after the third injection of the candidate vaccine we noted the disappearance of the HIV antigens in the lysate of cells as well. From these results, we conclude that the candidate vaccine we tested can elicit high affinity antibodies able to clear the HIV antigens and destroy the cells containing the HIV antigens probably with the help of specific killer cells.