ABSTRACT
This literature review delves into the transformative potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of surgery, exploring its evolution, applications, and technological advancements. AI, with its ability to mimic human intelligence, presents a paradigm shift in surgical practices. The review critically analyzes a broad range of research, encompassing machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, and their diverse applications in preoperative planning, surgical simulation, intraoperative guidance, and postoperative analysis. Ethical, legal, and regulatory considerations, as well as challenges and future directions, are also explored. The study underscores AI's ability to revolutionize surgical visualization and its role in shaping the future of healthcare.
ABSTRACT
Esophageal cancer is a significant global health challenge, characterized by its aggressive nature and high mortality rates. The disease disproportionately affects males and ranks among the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Alarming projections indicate that the prevalence of esophageal cancer is expected to surge by approximately 140% by the year 2025. This trend starkly contrasts with the anticipated decline in incidence observed for many other types of cancers. The cancer manifests primarily in two major subtypes: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, each with distinct epidemiological and biological characteristics. This review provides an in-depth exploration of the risk factors, anatomy, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, treatment modalities, recurrence, advancements, and emerging therapies in esophageal cancer. Additionally, preventive and early detection strategies are discussed, focusing on primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention approaches. A comprehensive understanding of esophageal cancer is vital for formulating effective management strategies and improving patient outcomes.
ABSTRACT
Colorectal cancer, ranking among the most prevalent causes of cancer-related mortality, is an escalating global health concern. The incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer are expected to surge substantially by 2030, posing a significant public health challenge. This article provides a comprehensive overview of rectal cancer, encompassing its epidemiology, anatomical intricacies, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis. The tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification system for rectal cancer is detailed, offering crucial insights for staging and treatment decisions. Various treatment modalities are discussed, including surgical approaches, systemic therapies, radiation therapy, and local therapies for metastases. Recent advances in robotic surgery and innovative radiation technologies are explored. Furthermore, prevention strategies are elucidated, focusing on lifestyle modifications and pharmacological interventions that may mitigate the risk of colorectal cancer. The article underscores the importance of understanding rectal cancer for healthcare professionals and patients, enabling informed decision-making and enhanced management of this disease. Prognostic factors are outlined, with survival rates and the prognosis of rectal cancer contingent on several influential elements, highlighting the multifaceted nature of this condition. In conclusion, accurate diagnosis, diverse treatment options, and prevention strategies, including advances like robotic surgery, influence rectal cancer outcomes. A comprehensive overview empowers healthcare professionals and patients to make informed decisions for improved disease management and prognosis.
