[Raman microspectroscopic analysis of polychrome wooden artifact from the Astana tomb of the tang dynasty, Xinjiang, China].

The Turpan District is characterized by a typical dry climate, so that many organic relics have been well preserved. A piece of wooden artifact with 9 colors was unearthed from Astana graveyard which is rich in cultural connotations. In the present paper, Raman microscopy was employed for in-situ, nondestructive analysis of pigments that remained on this artifact, and many mineral pigments (gypsum, red lead, carbon black, haematite, atacamite) and vegetable dyes (gamboges and indigo) were identified. It is noteworthy that this is the earliest example that gamboges were used as yellow dye in China at present. The results show that the Gaochang people had mastered skills proficiently, including the preparation, deployment and usage of pigment. The investigation of pigments could provide a basis for the restoration and conservation of relies, and more evidence for pigments trade business and cultural exchanges.

[Technology and provenance of proto-porcelain of Yingguo graveyard in Henna province].

Protoporcelain is a kind of multi-epoch and multi-culture-area ceramic hangover with iterative appearance, and it is the important interim of the development from pottery to porcelain. Therefore, its origin, development and prevalence problems, which relate directly to China development mode and Shang Zhou culture visage, are the important discussion of archaeology, ceramic technic history and chemistry history, and have important learning value. XRF and XRD technique were used to determine several shreds excavated from Yingguo graveyard site in Henan province. The result shows that some samples have abnormity phosphor, hinting that some plant or wood ash was ever used as raw material. From the rate of Ca/Al and P/Al and comparative analysis, we discovered that proto-porcelain of Yingguo site has different chemical character compared to south production.

[Identification of different corrosion covering the surface of Chinese ancient lead glazed potteries].

In the present paper, different corrosions of three pieces of Chinese ancient lead glazed potteries from different burial circumstances were analyzed by using XRD, FTIR, EDXRF, RS etc, and the analyses indicate that the main crystalline phase of corrosion of HYT is cerussite (PbCO3), that of SYT is calcium-lead hydroxyapatite [Pb(10-x) Ca(x) (PO4)(OH)2 (x < 2.7)] and the yellow area of the erosion is attributed to a certain mount of iron oxide, that of TSC is the cerussite (PbCO3) and calcium-lead hydroxyapatite [Pb(10-x)Ca(x) (PO4) (OH)2 (x < 2.7)], and the brown-black area of the erosion product is the result of the existence of little mount of iron and carbon black.

[Study on colored drawing technique of Qionglai kiln by SRXRF].

The colored drawing technique of Qionglai kiln is a debate problem in the archaeology and ancient ceramic research. In the present paper, SRXRF linescan technology was used to study the distribution mode of the colorific elements on the cross-sections of samples. The analytical result indicates that there existed two kinds of decoration techniques of colored drawing, i. e. the techniques of the underglaze color and oveglaze color coexisted in that time.

[Linear scanning analysis of prehistoric human bones in Xigongqiao Site, Tengzhou, Shandong Province by use of SEM-EDS].

Ancient human bones in Xigongqiao Site, Tengzhou, Shandong Province, were analyzed by use of SEM-EDS. SEM indicated that the microstructure of Haversian system was destroyed under the impact of bone diagenesis. The apparent difference in elemental distribution in the bone cross section showed that the enrichment or loss of elements can occur not only in the inner and outer surface, but also in the middle. This study will have great influence on how to deal with the ancient human bones before any palaeodietary research in the future.

[Application of Raman spectra to the research of jades excavated from Xue Jiagang site].

Non-destructive analysis is always the aim in jades' research. The present article applied the Raman spectroscopy to the research on jades excavated from the Xue Jiagang site and achieved good result in the main mineral, inclusion and phenocryst. The study shows that as a non-destructive technique Raman spectroscopy can be applied to ancient jades conveniently and practically, and it can detect not only the surface information of ancient jades, but also the interior information. The technique is important to the verification and provenance of ancient jades.

[Line scanning analysis of white porcelain from Gong Kiln in early Tang dynasty by energy disperse X-ray fluorescence].

Gong kiln, for its long porcelain-firing history, was one of three representative white porcelain kilns in northern China. In order to improve the quality and whiteness of white porcelain, a decorating layer or cosmetic earth was laid on the body surface in Gong kiln during early Tang dynasty, which was able to blot out rough surface and weaken the influence of fuscous body upon surface color. In this paper the main chemical composition of the white porcelain's profile was analyzed by using energy disperse X-Ray fluorescence. The result showed that different materials were used as cosmetic earth during early Tang dynasty, in accordance with the phenomenon under optical microscope. In addition, the glaze belongs to calcium glaze in which plant ash was added.

[The application of trace element analysis to the study of provenance of copper minerals in ancient bronzes].

The simulated smelting and founding experiment of bronze showed that the copper minerals from different regions could be distinguished clearly by using the multi-statistical analysis based on choosing the chalcophile elements determined by ICP-AES. In the present paper, the data of trace elements in bronzes from Panlongcheng Site and Ezhou, which were determined by NAA, were tried to be processed. The analytical result showed that the bronzes from Panlongcheng and Ezhou could be divided clearly, just like the results of the former simulated smelting and founding experiment of bronze. So, the feasibility of trace element analysis for the study of provenance of copper minerals in ancient bronzes was proved again.

[Plane scan analysis of the surface of white and blue porcelain by SRXRF method].

In this article, the authors analyze the surface of a piece of porcelain shred in Xuande Period by SRXRF, and the result shows that each peak area of elements differs in distribution pattern. According to the relationship between element peak area and color variation, and yellow fleck in glaze, it is possible to divide 13 elements, i.e. K, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Hg, Rb, Sr, Y and Zr, into three groups. This phenomenon will indicate how to search the "finger elements" in each dynasty; at the same time, it will present important information for research on the forming mechanism of yellow flecks in glaze.