Age and dietary restriction modulate mitochondrial quality in quadriceps femoris muscle of male mice.

Dietary restriction (DR) is a potential intervention for ameliorating ageing-related damages. Mitochondrial quality control is the key mechanism for regulating cellular functions in skeletal muscle. This study aimed to explore the effect of age and DR on the homeostasis of mitochondrial quality control in skeletal muscle. To study the effect of age on mitochondrial homeostasis, young (3 months old) male C57BL/6J mice were fed ad libitum (AL) until 7 (Young), 14 (Middle), and 19 months (Aged) of age. For the DR intervention, 60% of AL intake was given to the mice at 3 months of age until they reached 19 months of age (16 months). The quadriceps femoris muscle was collected for further analysis. Significant changes in the skeletal muscle were noticed during the transition between middle age and the elderly stages. An accumulation of collagen was observed in the muscle after middle age. Compared with the Middle muscle, Aged muscle displayed a greater expression of VDAC, and lower expressions of mitochondrial dynamic proteins and OXPHOS proteins. The DR intervention attenuated collagen content and elongated the sarcomere length in the skeletal muscle during ageing. In addition, DR adjusted the abnormalities in mitochondrial morphology in the Aged muscle. DR downregulated VDAC expression, but upregulated OPA1 and DRP1 expressions. Taken together, greater pathological changes were noticed in the skeletal muscle during ageing, especially in the transition between middle age and the elderly, whereas early-onset DR attenuated the muscular ageing via normalising partial functions of mitochondria.

Direct-detection polarization division multiplexed orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing transmission systems without polarization tracking.

We experimentally demonstrate a direct-detection polarization division multiplexed (PDM) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme without dynamic polarization tracking. Simply using a polarization-diverse receiver, the proposed multiple-input multiple-output assisted system can achieve bit-error rate of 10(-) over all possible received states of polarization. Moreover, 50 Gbps PDM-OFDM transmission over 100 km single-mode fiber is successfully demonstrated without dispersion-induced penalty.

PMD tolerant direct-detection polarization division multiplexed OFDM systems with MIMO processing.

This work proposes a novel direct-detection polarization division multiplexed OFDM scheme without the need of dynamic polarization control at a polarization-diverse receiver, and the proposed scheme is robust against polarization mode dispersion. Setting the frequency difference between two polarization-orthogonal reference carriers as one subcarrier spacing, possible signal fading can be avoided, and the corresponding interference from adjacent subcarriers is eliminated by a novel MIMO algorithm. The penalty caused by high channel matrix condition number can be decreased by inserting empty tones among subcarriers, and the polarization-dependent OSNR penalty at the BER of 10⁻³ is <3.6 dB with an empty tone inserted every 8 subcarriers. Moreover, the numerical results demonstrate the 16 × 10³-ps/nm chromatic dispersion and the 300-ps differential group delay will not induce additional penalty.

2 × 2 MIMO radio-over-fiber system at 60 GHz employing frequency domain equalization.

This work experimentally demonstrates the efficacy of the 2 × 2 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technique for capacity improvement of a 60-GHz radio-over-fiber (RoF) system employing single-carrier modulation format. We employ frequency domain equalization (FDE) to estimate the channel response, including frequency response of the 60 GHz RoF system and the MIMO wireless channel. Using FDE and MIMO techniques, we experimentally demonstrate the doubling the of wireless data capacity of a 60 GHz RoF system to 27.15 Gb/s using 16-QAM modulation format, with transmission over 25 km of standard single-mode fiber and 3 m wireless distance.