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1.
Ann Emerg Med ; 80(1): 22-34, 2022 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35469678

ABSTRACT

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate aerosol dispersion and exposure risk during oxygenation therapy among health care personnel. METHODS: This study compared the aerosol dispersion effect produced through continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP), BiPAP with face coverings, a high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) with face coverings, nasal cannula oxygenation (NCO) at 15 L/min with face coverings, nonrebreather mask (NRM), and ventilator-assisted preoxygenation (VAPOX) during oxygenation therapy at a minute ventilation of 10 L/min and 20 L/min. The length and width of aerosol dispersion were recorded, and aerosol concentrations were then detected at a mannequin's head, trunk, and feet. RESULTS: The average length dispersion distance of CPAP was 47.12 cm (SD, 12.56 cm), of BiPAP was 100.13 cm (SD, 6.03 cm), of BiPAP with face coverings was 62.20 cm (SD, 8.46 cm), of HFNC with face coverings was 67.09 cm (SD, 12.74 cm); of NCO with face coverings was 85.55 cm (SD, 7.28 cm); and of NRM was 63.08 cm (SD, 15.33 cm); VAPOX showed no visible dispersion. The aerosol concentrations at the feet under CPAP and at the head under BiPAP were significantly higher than those observed without an oxygen device. Compared with no oxygen device, the aerosol concentration with HFNC was higher at the mannequin's head, trunk, and feet; whereas it was lower with VAPOX and NRM. Moreover, when translated to the number of virus particles required to infect medical personnel (Nf), VAPOX took more time to achieve Nf than other devices. CONCLUSION: Strong flow from the oxygenation devices resulted in increased aerosol concentrations. CPAP at the feet side, BiPAP at the head side, HFNC, and NCO with face coverings significantly increase aerosol exposure and should be used with caution. Aerosol concentrations at all positions were lower with NRM and VAPOX.


Subject(s)
Cannula , Noninvasive Ventilation , Aerosols , Continuous Positive Airway Pressure , Humans , Oxygen , Oxygen Inhalation Therapy/methods , Ventilators, Mechanical
2.
J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open ; 2(4): e12501, 2021 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34337596
3.
FEBS Lett ; 585(16): 2575-81, 2011 Aug 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21771593

ABSTRACT

In this study we showed that the dengue virus (DENV) core protein forms a dimer with an α-helix-rich structure, binds RNA and facilitates the strand annealing process. To assess the RNA chaperone activity of this core protein and other dengue viral RNA-interacting proteins, such as NS3 helicase and NS5 proteins, we engineered cis- and trans-cleavage hammerhead ribozyme constructs carrying DENV genomic RNA elements. Our results indicate that DENV core protein facilitates typical hammerhead structure formation by acting as an RNA chaperone and DENV NS5 has a weak RNA chaperone activity, while DENV NS3 helicase failed to refold RNA with a complex secondary structure.


Subject(s)
Dengue Virus , Molecular Chaperones/metabolism , RNA, Viral/metabolism , Viral Core Proteins/metabolism , Base Sequence , Genome, Viral/genetics , Nucleic Acid Conformation , Protein Binding , Protein Engineering , RNA Helicases/metabolism , RNA, Catalytic/genetics , RNA, Viral/chemistry , RNA, Viral/genetics , Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/metabolism
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