Porous metal-organic framework-acrylamide-chitosan composite aerogels: Preparation, characterization and adsorption mechanism of azo anionic dyes adsorbed from water.

Micro- and nano-metal-organic frameworks with different adsorption properties were prepared by a time-modulation hydrothermal method. By comparing the adsorption properties, the most effective MIL-68(Fe)-12 was selected to be mixed with chitosan (CS), and porous metal-organic framework-acrylamide-chitosan composite aerogel (PMACA) was prepared by introducing acrylamide prior to glutaraldehyde crosslinking. The adsorption capacity of PMACA doped with acrylamide was as high as 2086.44 mg·g-1. The adsorption performance of PMACA was 1.48 times higher compared to the porous metal-organic framework-chitosan composite aerogel (PMCA) undoped with acrylamide. With the introduction of acrylamide, the stability of PMACA was improved, making it less prone to dispersion and decomposition. Structural characterization and adsorption properties were analyzed using methods such as XRD, FTIR, TGA, SEM, BET, and Zeta potential. The adsorption performance of PMACA was investigated further through batch tests with variables such as adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, initial CR solution concentration, and temperature. The model fitting of PMACA was consistent with the pseudo-second-order model and the Sips model. The adsorption thermodynamics showed that high temperature promoted spontaneous adsorption behavior. PMACA showed a recovery rate of approximately 86 % after six cyclic adsorption tests. PMACA maintained a recovery rate of roughly 86 % after six cyclic adsorption tests. The combined effects of electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and π-π conjugation resulted in excellent adsorption performance, while pore filling also contributed to the efficient adsorption of Congo red (CR).

Efficient adsorption of azo anionic dye Congo Red by micro-nano metal-organic framework MIL-68(Fe) and MIL-68(Fe)/chitosan composite sponge: Preparation, characterization and adsorption performance.

Micro-nano metal-organic framework (MIL-68(Fe)) for efficient adsorption of azo anionic dye Congo red (CR) was successfully prepared by one-step hydrothermal method under acidic environment. And a MIL-68(Fe)/chitosan composite sponge (MIL-68(Fe)/CS) was prepared under the coating of chitosan (CS). After comparing the performance of MIL-68(Fe) and MIL-68(Fe)/CS, we focus on exploring MIL-68(Fe)/CS. It ensured the CR removal efficiency while reaching the adsorption equilibrium faster than MIL-68(Fe), and solved the defect that the powder was difficult to be stripped by water after adsorption. The physicochemical properties and surface morphology of the adsorbent were characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD, TGA, BET, and Zeta potential. The effects of pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial solution concentration and temperature on the adsorption performance of the adsorbent were systematically analyzed. The pseudo-second-order model and the Sips model were most consistent for the adsorption process, indicating that the adsorption process of MIL-68(Fe)/chitosan composite sponge on CR is a complex physicochemical process. The removal rates of CR by MIL-68(Fe) and MIL-68(Fe)/chitosan composite sponge reached the maximum values of 99.55 % and 99.51 % at 318 K, respectively. And the maximum adsorption capacity of CR by MIL-68(Fe)/chitosan composite sponge at 318 K was 1184.16 mg·g-1. After six cycles of adsorption and desorption, the removal rate of CR was still higher than 80 %. The synergistic effects of π-π stacking, electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding and pore filling have important effects on CR removal.

One-step generation of S and N co-doped reduced graphene oxide for high-efficiency adsorption towards methylene blue.

S and N co-doped reduced graphene (S-N-rGO) nanohybrids were prepared by a one-step oil bath heating process using glutathione (GSH) as a green and mild co-reduction agent and a S and N source. It can be applied in the field of adsorption for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The efficient adsorption rate of S-N-rGO hybrids for MB (50 mg L-1) was observed with the best even within 2'07'' from blue solutions into colorless (the mass ratio GO : GSH = 60 : 200). Under this mass ratio, the effects of initial solution pH, temperature, initial concentration and contact time on adsorption towards MB were explored systematically. The results indicated that the adsorption capacity at 275 K could reach up to 598.8 mg g-1, the adsorption behavior followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the equilibrium adsorption data fitted the Langmuir isotherm well. Thermodynamic and kinetic analyses revealed that adsorption is an exothermic, spontaneous and physisorption process.

ZnCl2-activated carbon from soybean dregs as a high efficiency adsorbent for cationic dye removal: isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies.

Activated carbon was prepared from soybean dregs using chemical activation by zinc chloride. The influence of activation parameters such as impregnation ratio, activation temperature and carbonization time was investigated. The physicochemical properties of activated carbon were characterized using SEM, FTIR, BET and TGA, respectively. The effect factors including pH, contact time, temperature and dose on the adsorption properties of methylene blue onto activated carbon were studied. The adsorption equilibrium data of methylene blue onto activated carbon were well fitted to the Langmuir model, giving a maximum adsorption capacity of 255.10 mg/g. It indicates that activated carbon is a promising adsorbent for removing methylene blue from aqueous solution. The kinetic data were well described by the pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic parameters indicate that adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic.The effect of temperature on MB adsorbed by AC shows that the equilibrium adsorption capacity increases with increasing temperature from 303 to 323 K. Increasing adsorption capacities with temperature indicate that the adsorption of MB onto AC is controlled by an endothermic reaction.

Preparation of improved gluten material and its adsorption behavior for congo red from aqueous solution.

Improved gluten materials were prepared using bio-fermentation and acid bath coagulation methods for congo red adsorption. After comparison, the method of acid bath coagulation with better effect was selected and further preparations of improved gluten materials were achieved under different acid coagulation baths and the solid-liquid ratios. Finally, particular adsorption properties were studied using the sample of improved gluten material with the acid coagulation bath of HCl and the solid-liquid ratio of 1:5. Influence parameters on the congo red adsorption such as temperature, dose, contact time and pH were discussed. The adsorption properties of the improved gluten material were investigated by isotherm (the Langmuir model and the Freundlich model), kinetics (the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion equations) and thermodynamic analysis. The results showed that this improved gluten material was an efficient adsorbent for removal of congo red.

Inflammation and cutaneous nervous system involvement in hypertrophic scarring.

This study aimed to use a mouse model of hypertrophic scarring by mechanical loading on the dorsum of mice to determine whether the nervous system of the skin and inflammation participates in hypertrophic scarring. Results of hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that inflammation contributed to the formation of a hypertrophic scar and increased the nerve density in scar tissue.Western blot assay verified that interleukin-13 expression was increased in scar tissue. These findings suggest that inflammation and the cutaneous nervous system play a role in hypertrophic scar formation.

Blocking TRAIL-DR5 signaling with soluble DR5 alleviates acute kidney injury in a severely burned mouse model.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) predicts high mortality in severely burned patients. Apoptosis plays a significant role during AKI; however, the apoptotic mechanisms underlying AKI induced by burn injury are not clear. Here, we report a critical role for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-Death receptor 5 (DR5) signaling in the pathogenesis of AKI. C57BL/6 male mice were subjected to full thickness scald burn. Apoptosis was significantly up-regulated in mouse kidney 24 h after the burn. Meanwhile, the TRAIL and DR5 expression levels were significantly increased in the kidney 24 h after the burn. Soluble DR5 treatment reduced apoptotic cell death and alleviated kidney injury induced by the burn through blocking the interaction of endogenous TRAIL with DR5. These results demonstrated that TRAIL plays a deleterious role in AKI pathogenesis induced by scald burns. Inhibition of TRAIL function in the kidney may represent a novel protective strategy to treat AKI in patients with burns.

Mechanical tension promotes skin nerve regeneration by upregulating nerve growth factor expression.

This study aimed to explore the role of mechanical tension in hypertrophic scars and the change in nerve density using hematoxylin-eosin staining and S100 immunohistochemistry, and to observe the expression of nerve growth factor by western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that mechanical tension contributed to the formation of a hyperplastic scar in the back skin of rats, in conjunction with increases in both nerve density and nerve growth factor expression in the scar tissue. These experimental findings indicate that the cutaneous nervous system plays a role in hypertrophic scar formation caused by mechanical tension.

[Changes in cytokines in lymph and T lymphocyte subsets in lymph node of burned rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of burn on cytokines in lymph and T lymphocyte subsets in lymph node of rats. METHODS: Eighteen Wistar rats were used in the experiment. One of the hind limbs of each rat was immersed in 70 °C hot water for 30 s to reproduce 4%TBSA deep partial-thickness scald model (burn group), while the other hind limb was immersed in 22 °C warm water for 30 s to simulate scald (sham injury group). On post injury hour (PIH) 6, 24, and 72, 6 rats were chosen according to the random number table. Lymph fluid in the lymph vessel of each animal (two groups) was obtained for determination of levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) by ELISA, and IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio was calculated. Common iliac lymph node of each animal (two groups) was obtained for determination of ratios of CD4(+), CD8(+)T lymphocytes with flow cytometry, and CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio was calculated. Data were processed with t test. RESULTS: (1) On PIH 6, 24, and 72, TNF-α level in burn group was respectively (51.6 ± 5.4), (27.4 ± 2.6), (23.0 ± 2.7) pg/mL, which were significantly higher than those in sham injury group [(17.8 ± 1.6), (16.4 ± 1.2), (17.2 ± 2.0) pg/mL, with t value respectively 15.346, 11.854, 4.189, P values all below 0.01]. (2) On PIH 6, 24, and 72, there was no significant statistical difference between burn group and sham injury group in IFN-γ level (with t value respectively 2.059, -0.805, -0.415, P values all above 0.05); IL-4 level in burn group was respectively higher than that in sham injury group (with t value respectively 9.141, 11.669, 6.940, P values all below 0.01); IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio in burn group (2.27 ± 0.34, 1.54 ± 0.19, 1.60 ± 0.16) was respectively lower than that in sham injury group (3.33 ± 0.25, 3.34 ± 0.22, 2.52 ± 0.24, with t value respectively -6.298, -11.313, -8.893, P values all below 0.01). (3) On PIH 6 and 24, there was no significant statistical difference between burn group and sham injury group in ratios of CD4(+) and CD8(+)T lymphocytes and also CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio (with t values from -2.486 to -0.215, P values all above 0.05). On PIH 72, ratio of CD4(+)T lymphocytes and CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio in burn group was respectively (38.6 ± 2.3)% and 2.13 ± 0.16, which were significantly lower than those in sham injury group [(48.9 ± 2.9)% and 2.68 ± 0.12, with t value respectively -7.551, -5.068, P values below 0.01]; there was no significant statistical difference between burn group and sham injury group in ratio of CD8(+)T lymphocytes (t = 0.845, P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Burn may decrease IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio in locally drained lymph and CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio in locally drained lymph node of rat, which may indicate lowering of local immune function.

Icotinib (BPI-2009H), a novel EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, displays potent efficacy in preclinical studies.

Icotinib, one of the leading compounds selected from our compound library, was found to be a potent and specific epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) with an IC(50) of 5 nM. When profiled with 88 kinases, Icotinib only showed meaningful inhibitory activity to EGFR and its mutants. Icotinib blocked EGFR-mediated intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation (IC(50)=45 nM) in the human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cell line and inhibits tumor cell proliferation. In vivo studies demonstrated that Icotinib exhibited potent dose-dependent antitumor effects in nude mice carrying a variety of human tumor-derived xenografts. The drug was well tolerated at doses up to 120 mg/kg/day in mice without mortality or significant body weight loss during the treatment. A head to head randomized, double blind phase III trial using Gefitinib as an active control for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was finished recently (Trial registration ID: NCT01040780). The data shows that Icotinib was non-inferior to Gefitinib in terms of median progression free survival (PFS) and safety superior favor to Icotinib compared to Gefitinib.

[Attach importance to research on lymph circulation system after burns].

A series of pathophysiological changes in lymph circulation system occur after severe burns. We try to elucidate the importance through summarizing our experiments on some of the changes in lymph circulation based on rat and goat lymphatic fistula model since 1998. The lymphatic contraction frequency decreased while the lymph flow speed increased during burn shock stage. Contents of several key inflammatory factors, such as TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, and HMGB-1, were increased in lymph or lymph nodes, and they were higher than those in blood and liver. The protein concentration increased in lymph while decreased in plasma. The endotoxin was translocated to lymph earlier than to blood, therefore, the number of E. coli or the number of endotoxin translocated via lymph route were more than those via blood. The bacteria and endotoxin of pseudomonas aeruginosa could invade through local lymphatic route from infected burn wound. Th2 shift from Th1/Th2 occurred in lymph and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T lymph cells decreased in lymph nodes after burns, denoting local immunosuppression. The apoptosis of lymphocytes in lymph organ might contribute to this immunosuppression.

[Role of lymphatics in bacterial translocation from intestine in burn rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of lymphatics in bacterial translocation from intestine of rats with burn. METHODS: Escherichia coli (E. coli) labeled with chloromethylbenzamidodialkylcarbocyanine (CM-DIL) were prepared. Sixty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into scald group and sham injury group according to the envelope method, with 30 rats in each group. Rats in both groups were gavaged with 0.5 mL fluid containing CM-DIL-labeled E. coli. Rats in scald group were inflicted with 30% TBSA deep partial-thickness scald (verified by pathological section) and resuscitated with fluid. Rats in sham injury group were sham injured by bathing in 25 degrees C water for 10 s (verified by pathological section) and also received with fluid infusion. Mesenteric lymph node (MLN), liver, mesenteric lymph fluid (MLF), and liver vein blood (LVB) were harvested at post injury hour (PIH) 2, 24, and 72. Bacteria translocation was detected with fluorescent tracing technique and bacteria culture. The endotoxin content in above-mentioned four kinds of specimens was quantitatively determined with chromogenic substrate limulus amebocyte lysate. The carrying capacity of endotoxin in MLF and LVB was calculated. Data were processed with t test or one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: (1) Living bacteria were in short-stick form, and they were seen moving in single or in doubles or triples in sample fluid. Dead bacteria were in irregular aggregates. Labeled bacteria in small amount were detected in sham injury group, their number peaked at PIH 24. A large amount of labeled bacteria were detected in scald group at PIH 2, which peaked at PIH 24 and decreased at PIH 72. The largest amount of labeled bacteria were found in MLN in scald group as compared to those in the other samples, and the number peaked at PIH 24 [(5872 +/- 1976) x 10(3) CFU/g], which was obviously higher than that [(216 +/- 110) x 10(3) CFU/g, t = 30.129, P = 0.000] in sham injury group. The number of bacteria decreased at PIH 72, but it was still significantly different from that in sham injury group ( t = 4.323, P = 0.000). The number of bacteria in LVB was the smallest. (2) 29 (24.2%) samples out of the 120 samples in sham injury group were positive for bacteria. 72 (60.0%) samples out of the 120 samples in scald group were positive for bacteria. No alive bacterium was detected at any time point in LVB sample in both group; the other three samples were detected with alive bacteria since PIH 2. There were more alive bacteria detected in MLN and liver as compared with the other two kinds of samples in scald group. The amount of bacteria in MLN, liver, and MLF in scald group were higher than those in sham injury group (with t value respectively 4.353, 4.354, 4.965, P values all equal to 0.000). (3) The endotoxin level in each kind of sample at each time point was obviously higher in scald group than that in sham injury group, and it peaked at PIH 2 in liver and MLF. The difference of endotoxin level among 4 kinds of samples in scald group at PIH 2 was statistically significant ( F = 258.47, P = 0.000), and the endotoxin level was higher in liver, MLN, and MLF. They were obviously higher than those in sham injury group (with t value respectively 43.378, 43.123, 22.423, P values all equal to 0.000). The endotoxin level in MLF was 9 times of that in LVB. (4) The carrying capacity of endotoxin in LVB and MLF at each time point in scald group was higher than that in sham injury group. CONCLUSIONS: CM-DIL marked bacteria can reflect the microbial translocation condition. The lymphatic route is an important pathway for bacteria translocation.

Removal of copper ions from aqueous solution by calcium alginate immobilized kaolin.

Kaolin has been widely used as an adsorbent to remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. However, the lower heavy metal adsorption capacity of kaolin limits its practical application. A novel environmental friendly material, calcium alginate immobilized kaolin (kaolin/CA), was prepared using a sol-gel method. The effects of contact time, pH, adsorbent dose, and temperature on Cu2+ adsorption by kaolin/CA were investigated. The Langmuir isotherm was used to describe the experimental adsorption, the maximum Cu2+ adsorption capacity of the kaolin/CA reached up to 53.63 mg/g. The thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption reaction was a spontaneous and endothermic process.

Physico-chemical characteristics and lead biosorption properties of Enteromorpha prolifera.

Biosorption of lead ions onto Enteromorpha prolifera has been investigated. The physico-chemical properties of the biosorbent were characterized by thermal stability, zeta potential, and Boehm titration methods. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to examine the effect of various parameters such as initial pH, particle size, adsorbent dosage, ionic strength, time, and temperature on biosorption. The kinetic studies showed that the adsorption process was very fast and equilibrium was reached after about 60 min of contact. The pseudo-first-order Lagergren equation, pseudo second-order rate equation, and second-order rate equation were used to describe the kinetic adsorption process. Thermodynamic parameters were determined at three different temperatures. The negative values of free energy change indicated the spontaneous nature of adsorption process.

Removal of lead from aqueous solution by activated carbon prepared from Enteromorpha prolifera by zinc chloride activation.

Activated carbon was prepared from Enteromorpha prolifera (EP) by zinc chloride activation. The physico-chemical properties of EP-activated carbon (EPAC) were characterized by thermal stability, zeta potential and Boehm titration methods. The examination showed that EPAC has a porous structure with a high surface area of 1688 m(2)/g. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to study the effect of various parameters such as initial pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and temperature on Pb(II) ions adsorption properties by EPAC. The kinetic studies showed that the adsorption data followed a pseudo second-order kinetic model. The isotherm analysis indicated that the adsorption data can be represented by Freundlich isotherm model. Thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption reaction was a spontaneous and endothermic process.

[The significance of TGF-beta expression in scar in adenosine receptor A(2A) knockout mice].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the mechanism of scar hypertrophy in adenosine receptor A(2A) (A(2A) R) knockout mice. METHODS: Animal models of hypertrophic scar were established in 12 A(2A) R knockout mice and 12 wild-type mice as control. The thickness and the size of transverse section of the hypertrophic scar were observed by H-E staining. The hydroxyproline (HYP) in the scar was measured colorimetrically. The TGF-beta expression was tested by Western blotting method. RESULTS: The hypertrophic scar in wild-type mice was more severe than that in knockout mice. Compared with self-control, the increase of the thickness and the size of transverse section of hypertrophic scar was markedly higher in wild-type group than in the knockout group (P < 0.01). There was significant difference in HYP content between the two groups (P < 0.01). Compared with self-control, the increase of TGF-beta expression in wild-type group was much more than that in knockout group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The TGF-beta expression decreases in the A(2A) R knockout mice. The scar hypertrophy is also much less in the A(2A) R knockout mice.

Removal of copper from aqueous solution by carbon nanotube/calcium alginate composites.

With bulk production and increasing application of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as adsorbents in wastewater treatment, they will eventually be discharged into water environment and result in human contact risk to these toxic materials. However, so far few attentions have been paid to resolve the environmental micro-pollution caused by these micro-sized CNTs. In this research, an environmental friendly adsorbent, CNTs immobilized by calcium alginate (CNTs/CA) was prepared. Its copper adsorption properties were investigated via equilibrium studies. Experimental results showed that copper removal efficiency of CNTs/CA is high and reaches 69.9% even at a lower pH of 2.1. The copper adsorption capacity of CNTs/CA can attain 67.9 mg/g at copper equilibrium concentration of 5mg/L.

Lymph invasion route of bacteria and endotoxin and CD4+/CD8+ T cells ratio changes of draining lymph node of burn infection wound.

The aim of this study was to determine the lymphatic invasion route of bacteria and endotoxin of burn wounds infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and moreover, the effect of P. aeruginosa infection of the burn wound on the draining lymph node and lymph fluid. Male Wistar rats were subjected to unilateral hind limb burn+wound infected by P. aeruginosa (infection limbs group) and contralateral hind limb burn alone (burn limbs group). On hours 6, 24 and 72 after infection, rats were killed, the common iliac lymph nodes (CILN) was collected for the culture of P. aeruginosa. Lymph fluid in the efferent lymph trunk of CILN was collected for the measurement of endotoxin by the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate test. Lymph fluid tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) concentration was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The CD4+/CD8+ T cells ratio of CILN was subjected to flow cytometry analysis. The results showed bacteria invasion incidence, endotoxin and TNF-alpha concentrations were significantly higher in the infection limb group when compared to the burn limb group (P<0.01). The CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio was significantly lower on post-burn wound infection hours 72 (P<0.05). This study provides evidence that bacteria and endotoxin of burn wound infected by P. aeruginosa invade draining lymph node and lymph fluid. P. aeruginosa infection of the burn wound can increase TNF-alpha level of the draining lymph fluid and decrease CD4+/CD8+ T cells ratio of the draining lymph node.

[Expression of tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand and its receptor in thymus during early post-burn stage in rat with severe burns].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its receptor on apoptosis in thymus during early post-burn stage in rat with severe burns. METHODS: Fifty Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham scald group (SS, n = 10) and burn group (n = 40). The apoptosis in thymus in rats was detected with annexin V/FITC-PI double staining at 4, 12, 24, 48 post-burn hours (PBH). The expression of TRAIL death receptor DR5, DR4 and its decoy receptor DcR1, DcR2 in thymus were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot at above time-points. RESULTS: Compared with that in SS group (6.7 +/- 0.8)%, the apoptosis in the thymus in burn group started to increase at 4 PBH [(17.1 +/- 0.4)%], peaked at 12 PBH [(25.2 +/- 1.1)%], and it was still evidently higher than that in SS group at 48 PBH (P < 0.05). There was no obvious difference in the apoptosis rate in rats in burn group among all the time-points. The expression of DR5 in burn group at each time-points was significantly higher than those in SS group, while that of DcR2 shown an opposite tendency (P < 0.05). The expression of DR4, DcR1 was similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: The marked increase in apoptosis rate in rat thymus at early post-burn stage, and the significant change in the expression of DR5 and DcR2 show that TRAIL pathway may participate in apoptosis.

Changes in cytokine levels and CD4+/CD8+ T cells ratio in draining lymph node of burn wound.

The aim of this study was to determine the changes of cytokine levels in draining lymph fluid and the changes of CD4+/CD8+ T-cells ratio in draining lymph node of burn wound. Male Wistar rats were subjected to unilateral hind limb burn (burn limbs group) and contralateral hind limb without burn (control limbs group). On hours 6, 24, and 72 after burn, rats were killed; lymph fluid in the efferent lymph trunk of the common iliac lymph nodes (CILN) were collected; and lymph fluid Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The CD4+/CD8+ T cells ratio of CILN was submitted to flow cytometry. The results showed TNF-alpha concentrations were significantly greater in the burn limbs group when compared with the control limbs group (P < .05). The IFN-gamma/IL-4 ratio was significantly lower (P < .05). The CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratio was significantly lower on postburn hours 72 (P < .05). This study provides evidence that the burn wound can increase TNF-alpha levels and decrease IFN-gamma/ IL-4 ratio in the draining lymph fluid and decrease CD4+/CD8+ T cells ratio in the draining lymph node.