Equivalent consumption minimization strategy based on global optimization of equivalent factor for hybrid tractor.

Due to the increase in emission requirements for non-road vehicles in many countries and the reduction of agricultural personnel, tractors are developing towards high horsepower and electrification. According to the working conditions of high-horsepower tractors, a hydromechanical continuously variable transmission (HMCVT) is designed for hybrid tractors. Taking a tractor equipped with this transmission as the research object, an equivalent factor global optimization model was established and a genetic algorithm was used to optimize the equivalent factor S offline to obtain the optimal equivalent factor of the tractor under different operating mileage and the initial state of charge (SOC) of battery. By using the optimized equivalent factor, the tractor can be in the charge depleting (CD) mode for a longer time on the premise of making full use of the energy in the battery, so as to improve the auxiliary ability of the motor in the whole operation cycle to reduce the fuel consumption of the tractor. The effectiveness of the control strategy is verified by MATLAB/Simulink and hardware in the loop (HIL) tests, and the fuel economy of tractors is improved by 2.939% and 3.909% respectively in the two tests.

PSMD14 stabilizes estrogen signaling and facilitates breast cancer progression via deubiquitinating ERα.

The over-activation of ERα signaling is regarded as the major driver for luminal breast cancers, which could be effective controlled via selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM), such as tamoxifen. The endocrine resistance is still a challenge for breast cancer treatment, while recently studies implicate the post-translational modification on ERα play important roles in endocrine resistance. The stability of ERα protein and ERα transcriptome are subject to a balance between E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases. Through deubiquitinases siRNA library screening, we discover PSMD14 as a critical deubiquitinase for ERα signaling and breast cancer progression. PSMD14 could facilitate breast cancer progression through ERα signaling in vitro and in vivo, while pharmaceutical inhibition of PSMD14 via Thiolutin could block the tumorigenesis in breast cancer. In endocrine resistant models, PSMD14 inhibition could de-stabilize the resistant form of ERα (Y537S) and restore tamoxifen sensitivity. Molecular studies reveal that PSMD14 could inhibition K48-linked poly-ubiquitination on ERα, facilitate ERα transcriptome. Interestingly, ChIP assay shows that ERα could bind to the promoter region of PSMD14 and facilitate its gene transcription, which indicates PSMD14 is both the upstream modulator and downstream target for ERα signaling in breast cancer. In general, we identified a novel positive feedback loop between PSMD14 and ERα signaling in breast cancer progression, while blockade of PSMD14 could be a plausible strategy for luminal breast cancer.

Regulation of the Hippo/YAP axis by CXCR7 in the tumorigenesis of gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: The Hippo pathway is crucial in organ size control and tumorigenesis. Dysregulation of the Hippo/YAP axis is commonly observed in gastric cancer, while effective therapeutic targets for the Hippo/YAP axis are lacking. Identification of reliable drug targets and the underlying mechanisms that could inhibit the activity of the Hippo/YAP axis and gastric cancer progression is urgently needed. METHODS: We used several gastric cancer cell lines and xenograft models and performed immunoblotting, qPCR, and in vivo studies to investigate the function of CXCR7 in gastric cancer progression. RESULTS: In our current study, we demonstrate that the membrane receptor CXCR7 (C-X-C chemokine receptor 7) is an important modulator of the Hippo/YAP axis. The activation of CXCR7 could stimulate gastric cancer cell progression through the Hippo/YAP axis in vitro and in vivo, while pharmaceutical inhibition of CXCR7 via ACT-1004-1239 could block tumorigenesis in gastric cancer. Molecular studies revealed that the activation of CXCR7 could dephosphorylate YAP and facilitate YAP nuclear accumulation and transcriptional activation in gastric cancer. CXCR7 functions via G-protein Gαq/11 and Rho GTPase to activate YAP activity. Interestingly, ChIP assays showed that YAP could bind to the promoter region of CXCR7 and facilitate its gene transcription, which indicates that CXCR7 is both the upstream signalling and downstream target of the Hippo/YAP axis in gastric cancer. CONCLUSION: In general, we identified a novel positive feedback loop between CXCR7 and the Hippo/YAP axis, and blockade of CXCR7 could be a plausible strategy for gastric cancer.

Ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase promotes the progression of gastric cancer through a JNK-MAPK/JUN/HK2 axis regulated glycolysis.

BACKGROUND: Ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase (uMtCK) transfers high-energy phosphates from mitochondrially generated ATP to creatine to generate phosphocreatine. uMtCK overexpression has been reported in several malignant tumors, however, the clinical significance and impact of uMtCK in gastric cancer (GC) has not been comprehensively studied. METHODS: We first examined uMtCK expression in GC by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot assays. Then the clinicopathological significance of aberrant uMtCK expression was determined by immunohistochemical staining in a GC tissue microarray. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used for survival analysis. The biological functions of uMtCK in GC cells were explored by wound-healing, transwell assays and glucose metabolism assays in vitro as well as a liver metastasis model by spleen injection in nude mice in vivo. RESULTS: We verified that the expression of uMtCK was substantially elevated in GC tissues, significantly associating with a poorer prognosis in GC patients, especially for those with advanced stage. In univariate and multivariate analyses, uMtCK expression emerged as an independent prognostic factor for both disease-free survival and overall survival. Functionally, we demonstrated that uMtCK promoted glycolysis in GC cells and facilitated their migration, invasion and liver metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, uMtCK enhanced GC progression in a HK2-dependent glycolysis via acting the JNK-MAPK/JUN signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS: uMtCK could serve as a novel independent prognostic biomarker as well as potential therapeutic target for GC patients, particularly for GC patients with an advanced UICC stage and tumor recurrence.

RBCK1 is an endogenous inhibitor for triple negative breast cancer via hippo/YAP axis.

BACKGROUND: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most lethal breast cancer subtypes. Due to a lack of effective therapeutic targets, chemotherapy is still the main medical treatment for TNBC patients. Thus, it is important and necessary to find new therapeutic targets for TNBC. Recent genomic studies implicated the Hippo / Yap signal is over activated in TNBC, manifesting it plays a key role in TNBC carcinogenesis and cancer progression. RBCK1 was firstly identified as an important component for linear ubiquitin assembly complex (LUBAC) and facilitates NFKB signaling in immune response. Further studies showed RBCK1 also facilitated luminal type breast cancer growth and endocrine resistance via trans-activation estrogen receptor alpha. METHODS: RBCK1 and YAP protein expression levels were measured by western blotting, while the mRNA levels of YAP target genes were measured by RT-PCR. RNA sequencing data were analyzed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Identification of Hippo signaling activity was accomplished with luciferase assays, RT-PCR and western blotting. Protein stability assays and ubiquitin assays were used to detect YAP protein degradation. Ubiquitin-based immunoprecipitation assays were used to detect the specific ubiquitination modification on the YAP protein. RESULTS: In our current study, our data revealed an opposite function for RBCK1 in TNBC progression. RBCK1 over-expression inhibited TNBC cell progression in vitro and in vivo, while RBCK1 depletion promoted TNBC cell invasion. The whole genomic expression profiling showed that RBCK1 depletion activated Hippo/YAP axis. RBCK1 depletion increased YAP protein level and Hippo target gene expression in TNBC. The molecular biology studies confirmed that RBCK1 could bind to YAP protein and enhance the stability of YAP protein by promoting YAP K48-linked poly-ubiquitination at several YAP lysine sites (K76, K204 and K321). CONCLUSION: Our study revealed the multi-faced RBCK1 function in different subtypes of breast cancer patients and a promising therapeutic target for TNBC treatment. Video abstract.

OTUB1 suppresses Hippo signaling via modulating YAP protein in gastric cancer.

Gastric cancer is one of the most lethal human malignancies in the world. Although great efforts are put in developing novel therapeutic targets, the effective targeting drugs are still limited. Recent studies reveal the abnormality of Hippo/YAP axis play critical role in the oncogenic process of gastric cancer. It is of great importance to demonstrate the regulation of Hippo signaling activity and YAP protein turnover in gastric cancer. Besides, the phosphorylation cascade on YAP function, which has been thoroughly investigated, the ubiquitination of YAP is also important in Hippo signaling status. Here, We utilized the DUB (Deubiquitinase) siRNA library to identify critical DUB for Hippo signaling. We discovered OTUB1 as a critical factor to facilitate gastric cancer cell stemness and progression, which deubiquitinated and stabilized YAP protein. The clinical data analysis implicated OTUB1 was higher expressed in gastric cancer, which correlated with YAP activity and poor survival. OUTB1 interacted with YAP protein via its OTU domain (Ovarian tumor domain) and deubiquitinated YAP at several lysine sites (K90, K280, K343, K494 and K497), which subsequently inhibited YAP degradation. Our study revealed a novel deubiquitinase of Hippo/YAP axis and one possible therapeutic target for YAP-driven gastric cancer.

Multi­institutional development and validation of a nomogram to predict prognosis of early-onset gastric cancer patients.

Background: Early-onset gastric cancer (EOGC, ≤45 years old) is characterized with increasing incidence and more malignant phenotypes compared with late-onset gastric cancer, which exhibits remarkable immune cell infiltration and is potential immunotherapeutic population. Till now, restricted survival information of EOGC is available due to limited case numbers. This study established a novel nomogram to help evaluate cancer-specific survival (CSS) of EOGC patients who underwent gastrectomy, and may provide evidence for predicting patients' survival. Methods: We retrospectively enrolled a cohort containing 555 EOGC cases from five independent medical centers in China, among which 388 cases were randomly selected into a training set while the other 167 cases were assigned into the internal validation set. Asian or Pacific Islander (API) patients diagnosed with EOGC during 1975-2016 were retrieved from the SEER database (n=299) and utilized as the external validation cohort. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to test prognostic significances of clinicopathological factors in the training set. Accordingly, two survival nomogram models were established and compared by concordance index (C-index), calibration curve, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves and decision curve analyses (DCA). Results: The 5-year CSS rate of training cohort was 61.3% with a median survival time as 97.2 months. High consistency was observed on calibration curves in all three cohorts. Preferred nomogram was selected due to its better performance on ROC and DCA results. Accordingly, a novel predicative risk model was introduced to better stratify high-risk EOGC patients with low-risk patients. In brief, the 5-year CSS rates for low-risk groups were 92.9% in training set, 83.1% in internal validation set, 89.9% in combined NQSQS cohort, and 85.3% in SEER-API cohort. In contrast, the 5-year CSS rates decreased to 38.5%, 44.3%, 40.5%, and 36.9% in the high-risk groups of the four cohorts above, respectively. The significant survival difference between high-risk group (HRG) and low-risk group (LRG) indicated the precise accuracy of our risk model. Furthermore, the risk model was validated in patients with different TNM stages, respectively. Finally, an EOGC web-based survival calculator was established with public access, which can help predict prognosis. Conclusions: Our data provided a precise nomogram on predicting CSS of EOGC patients with potential clinical applicability.

DUB1 suppresses Hippo signaling by modulating TAZ protein expression in gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: The Hippo pathway functions as a tumor suppressor pathway in human cancers, while dysfunction of the Hippo pathway is frequently observed in malignancies. Although YAP/TAZ activity is tightly controlled by the phosphorylation cascade of the MST-LATS-YAP/TAZ axis, it is still unclear why the YAP/TAZ proteins are activated in human cancers despite Hippo pathway activation. Recent studies have suggested that in addition to phosphorylation, several other posttranslational modifications, including ubiquitination, also play critical roles in modulating TAZ function. METHODS: We used several gastric cancer cell lines and performed western blot analysis, real-time PCR, immunoprecipitation assays, and in vitro ubiquitination assays and established a xenograft mouse model. RESULTS: Here, by screening a DUB (deubiquitinase) siRNA library, we discovered that DUB1 functions as a critical modulator that facilitates gastric cancer stemness and progression by deubiquitinating and activating the TAZ protein. We also found that DUB1 expression was elevated in gastric cancer and that elevated DUB1 expression correlated with TAZ activation and poor survival. DUB1 associates with the TAZ protein and deubiquitinates TAZ at several lysine residues, which subsequently stabilizes TAZ and facilitates its function. CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed a novel deubiquitinase in the Hippo/TAZ axis and identified one possible therapeutic target for Hippo-driven gastric cancer.

Formulation of a rational dosage regimen of ceftiofur hydrochloride oily suspension by pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model for treatment of swine Streptococcus suis infection.

BACKGROUND: Our previously prepared ceftiofur (CEF) hydrochloride oily suspension shows potential wide applications for controlling swine Streptococcus suis infections, while the irrational dose has not been formulated. OBJECTIVES: The rational dose regimens of CEF oily suspension against S. suis were systematically studied using a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model method. METHODS: The healthy and infected pigs were intramuscularly administered CEF hydrochloride oily suspension at a single dose of 5 mg/kg, and then the plasma and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) were collected at different times. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration, mutant prevention concentration (MPC), post-antibiotic effect (PAE), and time-killing curves were determined. Subsequently, the area under the curve by the MIC (AUC0-24h/MIC) values of desfuroylceftiofur (DFC) in the PELF was obtained by integrating in vivo pharmacokinetic data of the infected pigs and ex vivo pharmacodynamic data using the sigmoid Emax (Hill) equation. The dose was calculated based on the AUC0-24h/MIC values for bacteriostatic action, bactericidal action, and bacterial elimination. RESULTS: The peak concentration, the area under the concentration-time curve, and the time to peak for PELF's DFC were 24.76 ± 0.92 µg/mL, 811.99 ± 54.70 µg·h/mL, and 8.00 h in healthy pigs, and 33.04 ± 0.99 µg/mL, 735.85 ± 26.20 µg·h/mL, and 8.00 h in infected pigs, respectively. The MIC of PELF's DFC against S. suis strain was 0.25 µg/mL. There was strong concentration-dependent activity as determined by MPC, PAE, and the time-killing curves. The AUC0-24h/MIC values of PELF's DFC for bacteriostatic activity, bactericidal activity, and virtual eradication of bacteria were 6.54 h, 9.69 h, and 11.49 h, respectively. Thus, a dosage regimen of 1.94 mg/kg every 72 h could be sufficient to reach bactericidal activity. CONCLUSIONS: A rational dosage regimen was recommended, and it could assist in increasing the treatment effectiveness of CEF hydrochloride oily suspension against S. Suis infections.

Mixed polysaccharides derived from shiitake mushroom, Poriacocos, Ginger, and Tangerine peel prevent the H1N1 virus infections in mice.

The pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus spread globally and posed one of the most serious global public health challenges. The traditional Chinese medicine is served as a complementary treatment strategy with vaccine immunization. Here, we demonstrated that the mixed polysaccharides (MPs) derived from shiitake mushroom, poriacocos, ginger, and tyangerine peel prevent the H1N1 virus infections in mice. MP pretreatment attenuated H1N1 virus-induced weight loss, clinical symptoms, and death. The lymphocytes detection results showed that the CD3+, CD19+, and CD25+ cell proportions were upregulated in thymus under MP pretreatment. Besides, MP pretreatment reduced the inflammatory cell infiltration and increased the cell proportions of CD19+, CD25+, and CD278+ in lung. However, MP treatment have no effective therapeutic effect after H1N1 virus challenge. The current study suggested that pretreatment with MPs could attenuate H1N1 virus-induced lung injury and upregulate humoral and cellular immune responses in nonimmunized mice.

PKM2 Promotes Breast Cancer Progression by Regulating Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition.

Breast cancer is the leading cause of females characterized by high invasive potential. It is necessary to explore the underlying mechanism of breast cancer metastases and to find specific therapeutic targets. PKM2 is considered a new biomarker of cancer with upregulated expression in tumor tissue. PKM2 participates in the cancer-specific Warburg effect to regulate fast glucose intake consumption. Besides, PKM2 also contributes to cancer progression, especially tumor metastasis. In this study, we showed that PKM2 is upregulated in breast cancer tissues and the upregulating of PKM2 in breast cancer correlates with poor prognosis. PKM2 can regulate tumor progression by promoting tumor cell viability and mobility. Furthermore, overexpression of PKM2 can promote EMT to encourage tumor metastasis. These findings indicate PKM2 is a potentially useful diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target in breast cancer.

Mixed polysaccharides derived from Shiitake mushroom, Poriacocos, Ginger, and Tangerine peel enhanced protective immune responses in mice induced by inactivated influenza vaccine.

Influenza viruses are responsible for severe respiratory tract infections of individuals and may cause pandemics with a high risk of mortality and morbidity. Although vaccination is a primary means for prevention of influenza virus infections, poor vaccine performance or inadequate immune responses limits the efficacy of current vaccines and raises question regarding whether a better correlates of protection procedures should be performed. Here, we want to evaluate whether mixed polysaccharides (MPs) derived from shiitake mushroom, poriacocos, ginger, and dried tangerine peel could promote the immune response of inactivated influenza vaccine. Firstly, MPs were given to mice each day and for a total of 30 days, during which two immunizations were performed on mice on days 14 and 21. The results showed that serum total IgG and IgG2a levels were increased in MPs-treated mice on day 30. Following A/WSN/33 (H1N1) virus challenge, we found that MPs pretreatment in mice could increase mice weight gain and attenuate their clinical symptoms. Additional protective factors were also observed including prevention of excessive lung inflammation, promotion of CD19+ and CD278+ cell proportions in lung, elimination of virus in lung, and elevation of IFN-γ levels in serum. The current study demonstrate that MPs from shiitake mushroom, poriacocos, ginger, and dried tangerine peel could promote the immune efficacy and alleviate lung inflammation in mice with vaccines against H1N1 virus infection by activating both humoral and cellular immunity.

Synaptotagmin 1 Is Involved in Neuropathic Pain and Electroacupuncture-Mediated Analgesic Effect.

Numerous studies have verified that electroacupuncture (EA) can relieve neuropathic pain through a variety of mechanisms. Synaptotagmin 1 (Syt-1), a synaptic vesicle protein for regulating exocytosis of neurotransmitters, was found to be affected by EA stimulation. However, the roles of Syt-1 in neuropathic pain and EA-induced analgesic effect remain unclear. Here, the effect of Syt-1 on nociception was assessed through an antibody blockade, siRNA silencing, and lentivirus-mediated overexpression of spinal Syt-1 in rats with spared nerve injury (SNI). EA was used for stimulating bilateral "Sanjinjiao" and "Zusanli" acupoints of the SNI rats to evaluate its effect on nociceptive thresholds and spinal Syt-1 expression. The mechanically and thermally nociceptive behaviors were assessed with paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and paw withdrawal latency (PWL) at different temperatures, respectively, at day 0, 7, 8, 14, and 20. Syt-1 mRNA and protein levels were determined with qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively, and its distribution was observed with the immunohistochemistry method. The results demonstrated Syt-1 antibody blockade and siRNA silencing increased ipsilateral PWTs and PWLs of SNI rats, while Syt-1 overexpression decreased ipsilateral PWTs and PWLs of rats. EA significantly attenuated nociceptive behaviors and down-regulated spinal Syt-1 protein levels (especially in laminae I-II), which were reversed by Syt-1 overexpression. Our findings firstly indicate that Syt-1 is involved in the development of neuropathic pain and that EA attenuates neuropathic pain, probably through suppressing Syt-1 protein expression in the spinal cord.

[Selection of Human Cytomegalovirus Screening Target Population in Voluntary Blood Donors in Beijing City of China].

OBJECTIVE: To find a group of the highest proportion of HCMV antibody negative among the voluntary blood donors in Beijing, and to establish a database for the special clinical blood needs. METHODS: The blood samples were collected from 2518 eligible donors who were randomly selected according to the national compulsory blood screening programs, the HCMV-IgG antibody were detected by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). According to blood donors of different sex, age, educational degree, born area, the results of detection were analyzed and compared. RESULTS: The HCMV-IgG antibody negative rate of eligible blood donors in Beijing was 10.68% (269/2518). According to the different sex, the HCMV-IgG antibody negative rate was 11.84% (210/1774) for men, and was 7.93% (59/744) for women. In comparsion with different ages, the HCMV-IgG antibody negative rate of 18-25 years old men was 13.51% (181/1340), the HCMV-IgG antibody negative rate of 26-30 year old men was 8.68% (62/714), the HCMV-IgG antibody negative rate of 31-35 year old men was 5.60% (26/464). Along with the age growth, the HCMV-IgG antibody negative rate gradually decreased. In comparison with different born area, the HCMV-IgG antibody negative rate was the highest in area of Beijing and Tianjin (18.59%, 50/269). In comparison with different educational levels, the HCMV-IgG antibody negative rate was the highest in men who have achieved bachelor or above (13.52%, 86/636). CONCLUSION: The HCMV antibody screening in the Beijing voluntary blood donors needs to select the 18-25 year old male population whose educational level have achieved bachelor or above. The organization or establishment of this group can provide a base for HCMV antibody screening strategy.

RETRACTED: Sophocarpine displays anti-inflammatory effect via inhibiting TLR4 and TLR4 downstream pathways on LPS-induced mastitis in the mammary gland of mice.

Mastitis is defined as the inflammation of the mammary gland. LPS, which is widely used to induce mastitis models for the study of this disease, triggers similar inflammation as Escherichia coli. Sophocarpine, isolated from Sophora alopecuroides L., exhibits multiple biological properties. The aim of the present study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of action of sophocarpine on mastitis within an LPS-induced mouse model. ELISA and western blotting were performed to detect protein levels. The qPCR was performed to detect mRNA levels. The ELISA and qRT-PCR results showed that sophocarpine inhibited the expression of TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner. However, sophocarpine suppressed TLR4 expression. Further study showed that sophocarpine could suppress the phosphorylation of IκBα, p65 and p38. These results confirm that sophocarpine played an anti-inflammatory role in LPS-induced mastitis by regulating TLR4 and the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in mammary gland tissues. Therefore, sophocarpine may be a potential therapeutic drug for the treatment of mastitis.

[Analysis of the internal atmosphere of tableware disinfection cabinet].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the internal atmosphere of tableware disinfection cabinet, determine the composition and sources of odor gas. METHODS: Analyze the internal atmosphere of tableware disinfection cabinet by solid phase microextraction (SPME) with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and study the relationship between organic gas and auxiliary materials by simulating sterilization conditions. RESULTS: The organic gas had been detected in tableware disinfection cabinet both before and after use of it. The paint film and the sealing strip produced 56 and 76 kinds of organic gaseous substances after one cycle of sterilizer work respectively. Both UV irradiation and heating processes made the sealing strip produce 56 kinds of organic gaseous substances. CONCLUSION: UV irradiation and heating will induce auxiliary mainly came from the auxiliary material.

catena-Poly[[aqua-[1,4-bis-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)benzene]cadmium]-µ(3)-5-methyl-isophthalato].

In the title coordination polymer, [Cd(C(9)H(6)O(4))(C(12)H(10)N(4))(H(2)O)](n), the Cd(II) atom has a NO(6) donor set and is coord-inated by five carboxyl-ate O atoms from three different 5-methyl-1,3-phenyl-enediacetate (pda(2-)) anions, one O atom from a water mol-ecule and one N atom from a 1,4-bis-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)benzene (L) ligand, displaying a highly distorted penta-gonal-bipyramidal geometry. Each pda(2-) anion acts as a µ(3)-bridge, linking Cd(II) atoms to form one-dimensional slabs extending parallel to [010]. In the crystal, adjacent mol-ecules are linked through N-H⋯N and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network.

[Effect of human plasma on preservation of red blood cells].

In order to study whether plasma can affect the structure and function of red blood cells during their storage period, the differences of pH value, concentration of K(+), Na(+), osmotic fragility, plasma hemoglobin, AchE, ATP, 2.3-DPG, P50 in suspended RBC, washed RBC, and RBC with various plasma volume at different storage times were compared. The results showed that plasma helped the blood to keep the RBC at high pH value, low K(+), high Na(+) and maintain RBC-ATP, oxygen carry capacity and deformability, but no effect on maintenance of osmotic fragility, and levels of plasma hemoglobin, AchE, ATP and 2.3-DPG was found in preservated blood. In conclusion, human plasma may be in favour of the preservation of red blood cells.