[Formation and definition of Dao-di herbs："Wan medicines"].

As the saying goes, bencao is growing in specific areas. Anhui province is located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain. Its north-south direction is longer than the east-west and Anhui is divided into three regions by the Yangtze River and Huaihe. It is important for the land to have plentiful traditional Chinese medicine resources, and it exists profound cultural heritage of Chinese medicine and to cluster the Dao-di herbs with a long history. The vicissitude of historical geography of Anhui province was combed, the historical basis of Anhui short as "Wan" was hackles, the prosperity and decline of Dao-di herbs in Anhui territory was sorted out in this paper. This article holds that the history of Anhui established as a province started in the Qing Dynasty, but the history of Dao-di herbs in Anhui territory has always been the same strain, Bencao can be test clearly and production areas is stable. Despite Anhui Dao-di herbs have changed in the different historical periods, its core varieties and essential elements has been inherited to today. Generally speaking, "Wan medicines" are not only collectively called the current territory of Anhui Dao-di herbs, but also include the historical period of Anhui famous Dao-di herbs.

[Variety and distribution of Anhui native medicinal materials in ancient Chinese materia medica].

Anhui is located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain, its across warm temperate zone and subtropics. The mountain and water next to each other, which leads to Chinese medicine resources ranked first in East China. The utilization of traditional Chinese medicine resources in Anhui has a long history, which could date back to the publishing time of Ming Yi Bie Lu (Appendant Records of Famous Physicians). And the kinds of traditional Chinese medicine in Song Dynasty ups to 80. There are also some differences in the distribution of various geographical units in terms of the types: Jianghuai hilly region's ups to 64, 25 in Wannan mountainous area, the species in Dabie Mountains and Huaibei plain are 16 and 14 respectively. In addition, the Jianghuai hilly region's and Wannan mountainous area have a long history among of them, which have been reached a peak in the Song Dynasty. The history of native medicinal materials in Anhui recorded in different periods, though combing herbal books. And the results showed that the vast majority of varieties in ancient are the same as modern ones, which provide the historical basis for the rich bulk medicinal materials in Anhui. The distinctions in natural and social environment of different geographical units have effects on the history of the usage of Chinese medicine resources in respective regions. Thus, the variety and distribution of native medicinal materials in Anhui among the Bencao works of different period provides herbalism basis for the protection and utilization of Chinese medicine resources currently.

[Research and investigation on original plants of medicinal Moutan].

As a kind of famous ornamental flowers, Moutan, known as "the king of flower", mainly originates from various cultivars of Paeonia suffruticosa. Moutan Cortex, a common traditional Chinese medicine, has a long medicinal history for more than 2 000 years. At present, "Fengdanpi", which is the root bark of P. ostii mainly growing in Tongling, Anhui, is a sort of Dao-di herbs in traditional Chinese medicine. However,various editions of Chinese pharmacopoeia has been stipulating that Moutan Cortex originates from the bark root of P. suffruticosa. Textual researches on germplasm of ornamental and medicinal Moutan provided that, Xi'an, Luoyang, Pengcheng, Bozhou, Heze and some other famous cultivation centers had been formed throughout the history. In addition, medicinal practitioners in Song Dynasty had been fully aware of the medicinal differences between ornamental and wild Moutan, and preferred wild single flowers as medicinal Moutan. Moreover, none of cultivation centers of ornamental Moutan were recorded in producing areas of medicinal Moutan. So far, Fengdan and Dianjiang Moutan in Chongqing are single flowers, which is consistent with the ancient herbal books. Therefore, this paper believes that the medicinal and ornamental Moutan are two different germplasm since ancient times. And we proposethat Chinese pharmacopoeia should record P. ostii and the single-flower varieties of P. suffruticosa as the original plants of Moutan Cortex.

[Historical evolution and development countermeasures of uncommon-territorial herbs].

As an important part of Chinese medicinal materials, uncommon-territorial herbs are also the most complex parts in the herbal medicine markets. Through years of investigation on the key markets of Chinese herbal medicine, the meaning of uncommon-territorial herbs, their historical evolution, origin and characteristics were clarified in this paper, and some countermeasures were put forward for its development.

[Textual research on Costus root (Aucklandia lappa Decne) in the Sheng nong ben cao jing (Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica)].

Aucklandia lappa Decne was first recorded in the Sheng nong ben cao jing (Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica). Through the textual research of herbal literature, it was found that the costus root in the Sheng nong ben cao jing perhaps was not the plant of Aucklandia lappa Decne of Compositae, but the eaglewood or Lignum Aquilasria Resinatum based on the comprehensive judgment of shape, taste, nature, and function etc. In the Sheng nong ben cao jing, it only includes costus root without the title of eaglewood, and Tao Hongjing recorded both herbs together in his Ming yi bie lu (Supplementary Records of Celebrated Physicians), which became a foreshadow of misunderstanding of the later generations. Beginning from the Tang ben cao (Materia Medica of the Tang Dynasty), the costus root was considered as the plant of Auckiandia lappa Decne from the Compostae with its profound influence until now.

[Evolution and change of the species quality and authentic producing areas of Dioscorea opposita Thunb].

Yam was first recorded in Shen nong Ben cao Jing (Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica) which was basically came from Dioscorea opposita since ancient time. Before the Tang dynasty, it basically came from the wild species of Dioscorea opposita. In the Song Dynasty, D. opposita began to be cultivated, but Chinese medical practitioners claimed that the wild species was better than the cultivated one. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, yam was mostly from cultivated resources. As the species quality changed, the authentic producing area of Dioscorea opposite was recognized to be in Huaiqing, Henan province, since the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Through long-term cultivation, the species produced in Huaiqing began to differentiate and the Chinese medicinal experts of successive ages considered that the product quality of yam is excellent and if it revealed the features of"white, thin, solid quality", that was the best, and this is consistent with the species called"Tiegun (iron stick)" Diascorea opposita cultivated by Huaiqing farmers. Hence, the title of"Huaiqing yam" is not the general title for the authentic species of yam produced in the Huaiqing region (now Jiaozuo city, Jiyuan city, and Xinxiang city of Henan Province), but strictly refers to that species commonly and long recognized by TCM specialists as the Tiegun Dioscorea opposita.

[AS-PCR amplification in identification of Sedum sarmentosum with its relative species].

OBJECTIVE: To develop a scientific and effective method for identification of Sedum sarmentosum and its relative materials easily confused. METHODS: DNA templates were extracted from plants, and DNA fragments of cpDNA trnL (tRNA-Leu) gene and trnL-trnF intergenic spacer were amplified and sequenced subsequently. trnL-trnF sequences of all samples were aligned. RESULTS: The allele specific PCR method was studied with the designed allele-specific for distinguishing different samples. The result indicated that 300 bp and 500 bp DNA fragments were amplified from Sedum sarmentosum, where no any fragment was amplified from its relative species under the same reaction condition. CONCLUSION: The primers designed in this study are specific for Sedum sarmentosum from its relative species.

[Anatomical structure and histochemical localization about rhizomes of five species of Polygonatum].

OBJECTIVE: The microscopic structure and histochemical localization of the Polygonatum sibiricum, P. cytonema, P. filipes, P. zanlanscianense and P. odoratum was studied. METHOD: Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and digital biological microscope (DBM) were applied in the research. RESULT: Venation bundle showed in three types included collateral, amphivasal and incomplete amphivasal bundles. Morphological differences of venation bundles could be seen under the fluorescence microscope. Calcium oxalate existed in the mucilage cells looked similar to columnar crystals under SEM. In rhizome of Polygonatum, polysaccharides presented in mucilage cells, saponins and volatile oil were found in ground tissue. CONCLUSION: Microstructure difference of rhizomes would be used for identification of the Polygonatum plants. Polysaccharides and saponins are distributed in different cells of Polygonatum plants.

[Change of Chinese chrysanthemi flos from different producing areas in storage].

UNLABELLED: To observe and analyze the character change of Chinese Chrysanthemi Flos from different producing areas in the same storage conditions, and provide certain reference to the study of storage method and storage time of Chrysanthemi Flos. METHOD: Different species of Chrysanthemi Flos were collected from the whole country at the same period, stored in the same nature conditions for three years. The change on worm situation, mildew degree, flower shape, color and appearance character were ovserved. RESULT: The degree of worm and mildew situation of different regions of Chrysanthemi Flos was: Qiju < Hangju < Gongju < Chuju < Jiju = Huaiju = Damaya chrysanthemum. Among three cultivar species of Hangju, 'Huju' was the best preserved, following by 'Xiaobaiju', the worst was 'Dabaiju'. After the storage, the degree of worm situation of Gongju was different. The degree of worm situation of Chuju and Qiju were related to the process methods. CONCLUSION: The storage changes of Chrysanthemi Flos were related to the regions, specise, process methods, geography location and harvest time, etc. Different specises of Chrysanthemi Flos had different storage time.

[Textual research on adulteration of Chinese materia medica in ancient China].

By investigating the mainstream works of herbal classics of successive ages, it is found that adulteration of Chinese materia medica appeared early in ancient China. The main methods of adulteration was producing fraud medicines in the Northern-Southern Dynasties, fake medicines began to appear in the Tang Dynasty, and status of adulteration of Chinese materia medica ran unchecked since the Ming and Qing Dynasty. By statistics, there were 76 kinds of adulteration varieties before the Republican period. The main varieties were precious drugs, animal drugs and artifacts. Commonly methods used in the process included forging and adulterating, dealing with 11 kinds and 68 kinds respectively. Adulteration probably lead to the result of imposing the changes of the used medicinal parts of Herba Pogostemonis; Radix Aconiti Lateralis prepared by adding salt, Radix Angelica Sinensis processed by wine, and Radix Astragalis seu Hedysaris processed with bee honey. However, the root cause of adulteration in Chinese materia medica was the dissociation of professional physician and pharmacist, resulting in the ignorance of medical practitioners became unable to recognize Chinese materia medica; and the immorality of medicinal merchants. Besides, rating the quality of materia medica based on its producing areas without differentiating the false from the genuine may also contribute to this result passively.

[Model innovation of traditional Chinese medicine resources survey pilot work in Anhui province].

In order to guarantee the smooth progress of census work, complete the traditional Chinese medicine resources survey pilot tasks better, Anhui province founded the three-combined technical team organization model and practical management model. Around the objectives, integrating the professionality with the existing distribution of traditional Chinese medicine resources and the reality of technical team of the census in Anhui province. The technical team organization model combining universities, experts, locality, expressed the strength of all parties and formed efficient working groups. The establishment of responsible management, funds management and process management ensured that the Anhui census work had a high level of quality and relatively consistent progress. The result shows that the organization and management model of Anhui census technical team were the important guarantee of finishing the Anhui census work smoothly with great quality and quantity on time.

[Influence of storage conditions on the seed development of Corydalis yanhusuo].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the influence of the storage conditions on the seed development of Corydalis yanhusuo. METHODS: The embryo formation process of the wild Corydalis yanhusuo was observed,and the germination rate of wild Corydalis yanhusuo seeds stored under different conditions was measured. RESULTS: The seed development of the wild Corydalis yanhusuo depended on the storage conditions. The seeds subjected to stratification had the highest germination percentage. Those stored in dry conditions would lose the vitality completely. The seeds in isothermal storage had very low germination rates. As revealed by slices, only the seeds after stratification treatment had the ability to form a complete embryo. CONCLUSION: The Corydalis yanhusuo seed is a kind of seed without fully developed embryo, and needs further after-ripening for its development. Its vitality has a great seasonal and annual dependence.

[The textual research on the original plant of grass monkshood].

According to the literature review and field investigation, the traditional production areas of the herb grass monkshood are East China, Sichuan and its surroundings. The protophytes of grass monkshood in the east China area are mainly the Huangshan monkshood variant and truppelianum; but in the Sichuan area they are mainly aconite and aconitum hemsleyanum. The above belong to the aconitum of aconitum suby and tendril monkshood. They are the closest genetic relatives and the most evolutive groups as well as the most toxic groups. Local aconite was used as grass monkshood medicine in folk medicine but this happened only in part of the region and for a period of time. There were few records in literature in past dynasties and they would not have been able to be included in mainstream history. It is obviously different from the aconitum kusnezoffii which is stipulated in the pharmacopoeia in past ages. It is not in accordance with history to take kusnezoffii as certified quality grass monkshood and it also has some particular influence on the clinical use of grass monkshood.

[Evolution of the Efficacy of Fu-pen-zi and the Reason].

Fu-pen-zi had been used as a reinforcing drug in medical literature and compatibility formulas before the book Bencao Yanyi was finished. Bencao Yanyi first mentioned that Fu-pen-zi was effective for incontinence, and this function was used to explain the meaning of its name. Doctors in later ages accepted this theory and began to use Fu-pen-zi as an astringent drug. In modern times, Fu-pen-zi is classified to astringent drugs in various editions of the Chinese materia medica textbook. The change of its classification may be relevant to the changes of its sources, maturity of the fruit and the part to be used.

[Study on the histological anatomy on medicinal parts of Semiaquilegia adoxoides in different developmental stages].

OBJECTIVE: To study the structural characteristics of medicinal parts at different developmental stages of Semiaquilegia adoxoides. METHODS: Observed on sections of medicinal parts of Semiaquilegia adoxoides at various developmental stages during growth periods. RESULTS: There was a great difference between the upper and bottom of the medicinal parts of Semiaquilegia adoxoides: rhizome at the top of root had the structure of rhizome with pith; The upper one third of enlarged root was root-stem transition zone, also with pith; And the other two thirds of enlarged root had the structure of root without pith. The microscopic structures of the medicinal parts of Semiaquilegia adoxoides at various developmental stages presented great disparities, the structures regularly increased as the size of plant increased. It was the first time to find that there were structure of growth rings in xylem of the root and rhizome of Semiaquilegia adoxoides. CONCLUSION: The method of identification of characteristics and histology of medicinal parts of Semiaquilegia adoxoides at different developmental stages is established, and the results provide a basis for identification of Semiaquilegia adoxoides medicinal materials.

[Observation on biological characteristics of wild Pseudostellaria heterophylla].

OBJECTIVE: To study the status and regular pattern in growing development of wild Pseudostellaria heterophylla. METHODS: Observed and studied on wild Pseudostellaria heterophylla during growth periods continuously. RESULTS: The growing development of Pseudostellaria heterophylla could be divided into three stages: asexual reproduction stage, coexistence of asexual and sexual reproduction stage. In the first two years of seed germination, there was only asexual reproduction, from which substitute tuberous root and cauline tuberous root were formed; Afterward flowering and fructifying sexual reproduction occurred to the plant that had developed from tuberous root while it continued with asexual reproduction; Only sexual reproduction existed during the last year of the Pseudostellaria heterophylla plant before its death. The Pseudostellaria heterophylla plant above ground grew from early spring to late autumn and over-wintered with tuberous root. There were two patterns of asexual reproduction: substitution with tuberous root in spring and expanding of adventitious root on stolon into cauline tuberous root in autumn. All tuberous roots of Pseudostellaria heterophylla were originated from adventitious root; The existence of tuberous root was one year at most; The rapidly expanding period of tuberous root was during February and March. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide a reference for reformative cultivation of Pseudostellaria heterophylla.

[Development and structure defense strategies on the fruit of Chaenomeles speciosa].

OBJECTIVE: To study the development rule and structure defense strategies on the fruit of Chaenomeles speciosa. METHODS: Anatomical and histochemical methods were used to investigate the structure and localization of tannin of the fruit of Chaenomeles speciosa. RESULTS: The development of the fruit of Chaenomeles speciosa were divided into two periods: cells reproduced rapidly from fluorescence to 40 - 50 days after fluorescence, and cells augmented after this. The pericarp and seeds were protected by beceptacle which was formed by cuticle, epidermis, taniniferous cells layer, parenchyma cells which contained tannin and stone cells zones. Tannin was distributed in parenchyma cells of beceptacle mostly and in pericarp barely. CONCLUSION: The development and structure of fruit of were related with its defense strategies.

Analysis of genetic relationships in germplasms of Mugua in China revealed by internal transcribed spacer and its taxonomic significance.

Genetic relationships were studied among eight species of three taxa in the genus Chaenomeles by nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) analysis. A genetic distance matrix based on ITS sequences was estimated according to the formula of Kimura-2 parameter and a neighbour-joining phenogram, which were obtained with Clustalx4.1 software. The results showed that the germplasms of Mugua originate from Ch. speciosa (Sweet) Nakai, not including Ch. sinensis (Thouin) Kochne and Ch. cathayensis (Hemsl.) Schneid. The results also showed that 'Yao Mugua' and 'Ornamental Mugua' are the most distantly related species in germplasms.

[Research on the changes of name of Wuzhuyu (Medicinal Evodia Fruit)].

The name of Wuzhuyu (Medicinal Evodia Fruit) comes from the place of "Wu", and the shape of its fruit, which is like a 'Zhuyu'. In addition, it is also called "Yi, Sha, Jiao, Dang, Yuejiao and Qiu" for different reasons; for example, "Yi" because of its processing and sacrificial function; and "Sha" because of the bug-killing function of its root and cortex. In Xin Xiu Ben Cao (Newly Revised Materia Medica) of the Tang Dynasty, its names were unified as Wuzhuyu. Because it can be eaten, it was also called "Shizhuyu". In the Song Dynasty, with the discontinued vogue of eating Zhuyu, people had difference attitudes to the "Wuzhuyu" and "Shizhuyu". Nowadays, "Wuzhuyu" is the established name of these kinds of materia medica.

[Textual research on the Chinese names of three medicinal plants from Chaenomeles Lindl].

Mugua was commonly used Chinese Materia Medica in past generations, the original plant of that is the same as the Chenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai from the Rosaceae family; Mingzha in ancient times was misunderstood as and mixed with Mugua used as a herb, which comes from Ch. sinensis (Thouin) Kochne; Tiegenghaitang was used, as an ornamental flower before the Qing dynasty, the original plant of that corresponds with Ch. japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. In the attached images of Zhiwumingshitukao of the Qing dynasty, the name of Mugua was transposed. It has affected Japanese and some Chinese scholars in succession, which lead to the confused situation that mistook Mugua as the Chinese name of Ch. sinensis (Thouin) Kochne as well as Tiegenghaitang as the Chinese name of Ch. speciosa (Sweet) Nakai in current literature. It is proposed that it be decided to change the Chinese name of Ch. sinensis (Thouin)Koehne to Mugua, Ch. sinensis (Thouin) Koehne to Mingzha as well as Ch. japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. to Tiegenghaitang.