All-iron ions mediated electron transfer for biomass pretreatment coupling with direct generation of electricity from lignocellulose.

A coupled process of biomass pretreatment for increasing cellulose digestibility and direct conversion of biomass to electricity has been developed with ferric or ferricyanide ions as the anode electron carriers, and Fe(NO3)3 activated by HNO3 as the cathode electron carriers. Pretreated substrates are subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis for release of fermentable sugars, while the pretreatment liquor is employed as anolyte for electricity generation in a liquid flow fuel cell (LFFC). Pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse with 2 M FeCl3 in anode reactor removes âˆ¼ 100% hemicelluloses and obtains 76% enzymatic glucan conversion (EGC), while pretreatment with 0.1 M K3[Fe(CN)6] in 0.5 M KOH achieves 78% lignin removal, 95.8% EGC and 85.1% xylan conversion. From 1000 g bagasse, 171.3 g fermentable sugars is produced with co-generation of 101.4 W·h electricity based on FeCl3 pretreatment, while 519 g fermentable sugars and 28.9 W·h electricity are obtained based on K3[Fe(CN)6] pretreatment.

Atmospheric Corrosion Analysis and Rust Evolution Research of Q235 Carbon Steel at Different Exposure Stages in Chengdu Atmospheric Environment of China.

In order to effectively reduce and retard corrosion of the power transmission and transformation equipment in Chengdu power grid and to improve power supply reliability, Q235 carbon steel material which is the most widely used metal material in power grid was selected as the targeted research object in this article. Exposure experiments were performed in urban atmospheric environment of Chengdu city in the southwest region of China. The corrosion behavior of Q235 carbon steel material was investigated at different seasons. The macro- and micromorphologies after corrosion were observed using a digital camera and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Element distribution of the rust layer and the corrosion products was characterized by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR); the corrosion mechanism was also briefly analyzed.

Effects of aging on the structural, mechanical, and thermal properties of the silicone rubber current transformer insulation bushing for a 500 kV substation.

In order to analyze the cracking and aging reason of the silicone rubber current transformer (CT) insulation bushing used for 8 years from a 500 kV alternating current substation, characteristics including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, mechanical properties analysis, hardness, and thermo gravimetric analysis have been carried out. The FTIR results indicated that the external surface of the silicone rubber CT insulation bushing suffered from more serious aging than the internal part, fracture of side chain Si-C bond was much more than the backbone. Mechanical properties and thermal stability results illustrated that the main aging reasons were the breakage of side chain Si-C bond and the excessive cross-linking reaction of the backbone. This study can provide valuable basis for evaluating degradation mechanism and aging state of the silicone rubber insulation bushing in electric power field.